Ndonga dialect

"Ndonga" redirects here. For other uses, see Ndonga (disambiguation).

Ndonga, also called Oshindonga, is a Bantu language spoken in Namibia and parts of Angola. It is a standardized dialect of the Ovambo language, and is mutually intelligible with Kwanyama, the other Ovambo dialect with a standard written form. With 810,000 speakers, the language has the largest number of speakers in Namibia.

Martti Rautanen translated the Bible into the Ndonga standard.[4]

Phonology

Vowels

Oshindonga uses a five-vowel system:

Front Back
Close i u
Mid e o
Open a

Consonants

Oshindonga contains the following consonant phonemes:

Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal voiceless m̥ n̥ ŋ̊
voiced m n ɲ ŋ
Plosive voiceless p t k ʔ
voiced b d g
Fricative voiceless f θ s ʃ x h
voiced v ð z ʒ ɣ
Approximant central w j
lateral l

Oshindonga also contains many consonant compounds, listed below:

  • m̥pʰ
  • n̥tʰ
  • n̥kʰ
  • m̥pʰw
  • n̥tʰw
  • n̥kʰw
  • n̥th
  • n̥dz
  • n̥tsʰ
  • xw
  • tsˈ (voiceless, ejective, alveolor affricate)
  • psʲˈ (voiceless, palatalized, labio-alveolar affricate)

References

  1. ^ Ndonga at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
  2. ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Ndonga". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  3. ^ Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
  4. ^ "Namiweb.com". Namibweb.com. Retrieved 2013-03-16.
  • Fivaz, Derek (2003). A Reference Grammar of Oshindonga (2 ed.). Windhoek: Out of Africa Publishers.

External links