Mongolian script

This article contains Mongolian script. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of text in Mongolian script.

The classical or traditional Mongolian script,^[a] also known as the Hudum Mongol bichig,^[b] was the first writing system created specifically for the Mongolian language, and was the most widespread until the introduction of Cyrillic in 1946. Derived from the Old Uyghur alphabet,^[1] Mongolian is a true alphabet, with separate letters for consonants and vowels. The Mongolian script has been adapted to write languages such as Oirat and Manchu. Alphabets based on this classical vertical script are used in Inner Mongolia and other parts of China to this day to write Mongolian, Xibe and experimentally, Evenki.

Computer operating systems have been slow to adopt support for the Mongolian script, and almost all have incomplete support or other text rendering difficulties.

History

The Mongolian vertical script developed as an adaptation of the Old Uyghur alphabet for the Mongolian language.^[2]:545 From the seventh and eighth to the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the Mongolian language separated into southern, eastern and western dialects. The principal documents of the middle period are: in the eastern dialect, the famous text The Secret History of the Mongols, monuments in the Square script, materials of the Chinese–Mongolian glossary of the fourteenth century [zh], and materials of the Mongolian language of the middle period in Chinese transcription, etc.; in the western dialect, materials of the Arab–Mongolian and Persian–Mongolian dictionaries, Mongolian texts in Arabic transcription, etc. The main features of the period are that the vowels ï and i had lost their phonemic significance, creating the i phoneme (in the Chakhar dialect, the Standard Mongolian in Inner Mongolia, they're still distinct); inter-vocal consonants γ/g, b/w had disappeared and the preliminary process of the formation of Mongolian long vowels had begun; the initial h was preserved in many words; grammatical categories were partially absent, etc. The development over this period explains why the Mongolian script looks like a vertical Arabic script (in particular the presence of the dot system).^[3]:1–2

Eventually, minor concessions were made to the differences between the Uyghur and Mongol languages: In the 17th and 18th centuries, smoother and more angular versions of the letter tsadi became associated with [dʒ] and [tʃ] respectively, and in the 19th century, the Manchu hooked yodh was adopted for initial [j]. Zain was dropped as it was redundant for [s]. Various schools of orthography, some using diacritics, were developed to avoid ambiguity.^[2]:545

Mongolian is written vertically. The Uyghur script and its descendants — Mongolian, Oirat Clear, Manchu, and Buryat — are the only vertical scripts written from left to right. This developed because the Uyghurs rotated their Sogdian-derived script, originally written right to left, 90 degrees counterclockwise to emulate Chinese writing, but without changing the relative orientation of the letters.^[4] The reed pen was the writing instrument of choice until the 18th century, when the brush took its place under Chinese influence.^[5]:422

Mongols learned their script as a syllabary, dividing the syllables into twelve different classes, based on the final phonemes of the syllables, all of which ended in vowels.^[6]

Name

The Traditional Mongolian script is known by a wide variety of names. Due to its shape like Uighur script, it became known as the Uighurjin Mongol script.^[c] During the communist era, when Cyrillic became the official script for the Mongolian language, the traditional script became known as the Old Mongol script,^[d] in contrast to the New script,^[e] referring to Cyrillic. The name Old Mongol script stuck, and it is still known as such among the older generation, who didn't receive education in the new script.

Graphemes

Recurring and/or contrasting graphemes (зурлага)^{[7][8]:4–5[9]:29–30, 205[10]:20[11]:99[12]:1[13]:20[14]:536[15]:211–212[16][17][18]}

Appearance		Names
Image	Text(?)
	ᠡ‍	'Crown' Тит(и/э)м tit(i/e)m / ᠲᠢᠲᠢᠮ titim
	᠊ᠡ‍	Ацаг atsag / ᠠᠴᠤᠭ ačuγ or, 'Tooth' Шүд shud / ᠰᠢᠳᠦ sidü
	᠊᠊	'Spine' Нуруу nuruu / ᠨᠢᠷᠤᠭᠤ niruγu
	ᠵ‍	'... shank/shin' Шулуун шилбэ Shuluun shilbe / ᠰᠢᠯᠤᠭᠤᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠪᠢ siluγun silbi
	ᠶ‍	'... shank/shin' Э(э)тгэр шилбэ e(e)tger shilbe / ᠡᠭᠡᠲᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠰᠢᠯᠪᠢ egeteger silbi
	ᠸ‍	'... shank/shin' Матгар шилбэ matgar shilbe / ᠮᠠᠲᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠰᠢᠯᠪᠢ mataγar silbi
	ᠷ‍	'... shank/shin' Өргөстэй шилбэ örgöstei shilbe / ᠥᠷᠭᠡᠰᠦᠲᠡᠶ ᠰᠢᠯᠪᠢ örgesütey silbi
	ᠳ᠋‍	'... shank/shin' Гогцоотой шилбэ gogtsootoi shilbe / ᠭᠣᠭᠴᠤᠭᠠᠲᠠᠢ ᠰᠢᠯᠪᠢ γoγčuγatai silbi
	ᡁ‍	'... shank/shin' Хөндий шилбэ khöndii shilbe / ᠬᠥᠨᠳᠡᠶ ᠰᠢᠯᠪᠢ köndey silbi
	ᠲ‍	'... shank/shin' Артын шилбэ artyn shilbe
	‍᠊ᠣ‍ ‍᠊ᠣ	'Belly/Stomach' Гэдэс gedes / ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠰᠦ gedesü
	‍᠊ᠰ‍	Зав(и/ь)ж Zav(i)j / ᠵᠠᠪᠠᠵᠢ ǰabaǰi
	᠎ᠠ	Орхиц orkhits / ᠣᠷᠬᠢᠴᠠ orkiča or, Цацлага tsatslaga / ᠴᠠᠴᠤᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ čačulγ‑a
	‍᠊ᠠ	'Tail' Сүүл suul / ᠰᠡᠭᠦᠯ segül
	‍ᠢ	'Bow' Нум num / ᠨᠤᠮᠤ numu
	‍᠊ᠯ‍	'Horn' Эвэр ever / ᠡᠪᠡᠷ eber
	‍᠊ᠮ‍	Гэзэг gezeg / ᠭᠡᠵᠢᠭᠡ geǰige or, 'Horn' Эвэр ever / ᠡᠪᠡᠷ eber
	‍ᠵ‍	Жалжгар эвэр zhalzhgar ever or, Соёо soyoo / ᠰᠣᠶᠤᠭ᠎ᠠ soyuγ‑a
	‍ᠴ‍	Сэрээ эвэр seree ever or, Ац ats / ᠠᠴᠠ ača
	ᠬ	Ятгар зартиг yatgar zartig

Letters

See also: SASM/GNC romanization § Mongolian and Sino–Mongolian Transliterations [zh]

The traditional or classical Mongolian alphabet, sometimes called Hudum 'traditional' in Oirat in contrast to the Clear script (Todo 'exact'), is the original form of the Mongolian script used to write the Mongolian language. It does not distinguish several vowels (o/u, ö/ü, final a/e) and consonants (syllable-initial t/d and k/g, sometimes ǰ/y) that were not required for Uyghur, which was the source of the Mongol (or Uyghur-Mongol) script.^[4] The result is somewhat comparable to the situation of English, which must represent ten or more vowels with only five letters and uses the digraph th for two distinct sounds. Ambiguity is sometimes prevented by context, as the requirements of vowel harmony and syllable sequence usually indicate the correct sound. Moreover, as there are few words with an exactly identical spelling, actual ambiguities are rare for a reader who knows the orthography.

Letters have different forms depending on their position in a word: initial, medial, or final. In some cases, additional graphic variants are selected for visual harmony with the subsequent character.

The below rules for writing apply specifically for the Mongolian language, unless stated otherwise.

Sort orders

• Traditional: n q/k, (Gamma, ү)/g, b, p, s, š, t, d, l, m, č...^[19][12]:7
• Modern: n, b, p, q/k, ү/g, m, l, s, š, t, d, č...^[19][12]:7
• Other modern orderings that apply to specific dictionaries also exist.^[20]

Handwriting

Final letterforms with a right-pointing tail (a, e, n, q, ү, m, l, s, š, and d) may have the notch (or tooth) preceding it in printed form, handwritten in a span between more or less tapered to a fully rounded curve.^{[8]:62–63[20][15]:211–215}

For a visual comparison of how letterforms may differ between styles see § Comparison of writing styles.

Vowel harmony

Mongolian vowel harmony separates the vowels of words into three groups – two mutually exclusive and one neutral:

• The back, masculine,^[21] hard, or yang^[22] vowels a, o, and u.
• The front, feminine,^[21] soft, or yin^[22] vowels e, ö, and ü.
• The neutral vowel i, able to appear in all words.

Any Mongolian word can contain the neutral vowel i, but only vowels from either of the other two groups. The vowel quality of visually separated vowels and suffixes are likewise affected by those of the preceding word stem. Such suffixes are written with front or neutral vowels when preceded by a word stem containing only neutal vowels. Any of these rules might not apply for foreign words however.^{[3]:11, 39[23]:10[24]:4[20]}

Separated final vowels

A separated final form of vowels a or e is common, and can appear at the end of a word, word stem, or suffix. This form requires a final-shaped preceding consonant and an inter-word gap in between. The vowels themselves appear as ᠎ᠠ ⟨⟩, and with consonants as ‍ᠬ᠎ᠠ ⟨ ⟩ q‑a, ‍ᠷ᠎ᠠ ⟨ ⟩ r‑a/r‑e, etc.^(?) This gap can be transliterated with a hyphen . In digital typesetting, these forms are triggered by inserting a U+180E ᠎ MONGOLIAN VOWEL SEPARATOR (HTML ᠎ · MVS) between the consonant and vowel. The combination of MVS and vowel is highlighted in light blue (᠎ᠠ)^(?) in the tables below.^{[3]:30, 77[25]:42[11]:104[24]:27[14]:534–535}

The presence or lack of a separated a or e can also indicate differences in meaning between different words (compare ᠬᠠᠷ᠎ᠠ^(?) qar‑a 'black' with ᠬᠠᠷᠠ qara 'to look').^{[26]:3[14]:535}

Its form could be confused with that of the identically shaped traditional dative-locative suffix ‑a/‑e exemplified further down. That form however, is more commonly found in older texts, and more commonly takes the forms of ⟨ᠲ᠋ᠤᠷ⟩ tur/tür or ⟨ᠳ᠋ᠤᠷ⟩ dur/dür instead.^[23]:15[27]

Separated suffixes

Many suffixes (case and plural suffixes in particular) are likewise separated by a preceding and hyphen-transliterated gap. In digital typesetting, this gap is represented by a U+202F   NARROW NO-BREAK SPACE (HTML   · NNBSP). The combination of NNBSP and its following glyph is highlighted in light blue in the tables below (as in suffix-initial  ᠨ‍ ‑n).^{[3]:30[23]:12[27][28][24]:28[14]:534}

Single-letter suffixes appear as final-formed a/e, i, or u/ü (as in ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠠ γaǰar‑a 'to the country' and ᠡᠳᠦᠷ ᠡ edür‑e 'on the day',^[3]:39 or ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠢ ulus‑i 'the state' etc.).^(?)[3]:23 Multi-letter suffixes can start with an initial-, medial-, or variant-shaped glyph (medial/variant-shaped u in the two-letter suffix  ᠤᠨ^(?) ⟨⟩ ‑un/‑ün being exemplified in the adjacent newspaper logo).^[14]:27

Isolate citation forms

Isolate citation forms for syllables containing o, u, ö, and ü may in dictionaries appear without a final tail as in ⟨ᠪᠣ⟩ bo/bu or ⟨ᠮᠣ᠋⟩ mo/mu, and with a vertical tail as in ⟨ᠪᠥ᠋⟩ bö/bü or ⟨ᠮᠥ᠋⟩ mö/mü (as well as in transcriptions of Chinese syllables).^[20][11]:105

Notes on letter tables

A dash indicates a non-applicable position for that letter.^{[3]:15[23]:60[11]:101, 104[26]:2–3[29]:3–4[30]:27, 30[20]}

Parentheses enclose glyphs or positions whose corresponding sounds are not found in native Mongolian words.^{[3]:14–15[23]:9–10[11]:101[26]:3–5[30]:27}

Palatalized phonemes have been excluded. These are conditioned by a following i.^[25]:178

Vowels

U+1820 ᠠ A

Non‑​ligating forms		Ligatures
a	‑a	ba	pa	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration[31]
а	а	ба	па	Cyrillic transliteration[31]
ᠠ	—	ᠪᠠ	ᠫᠠ	Isolate
ᠠ‍	—	ᠪᠠ‍	ᠫᠠ‍	Initial
‍ᠠ‍	—	‍ᠪᠠ‍	‍ᠫᠠ‍	Medial
‍ᠠ	—	‍ᠪᠠ	‍ᠫᠠ	Final
—	᠎ᠠ(?) ⟨⟩	—		Separated final
—	ᠠ(?) ⟨⟩	—		Separated suffix
—	ᠠ‍(?) ⟨⟩	—		Separated suffix-initial

• Transcribes Chakhar /ɑ/;^[20][32] Khalkha /a/, /ə/, and /∅/.^[25]:40–42
• Separated suffixes starting with, or made up by the letter, include: ‑a, ‑ača, and ‑ačaγan.^[28]
• ‍ᠠ᠋^(?) ⟨⟩ = connected galik final.^{[3]:26–28[11]:104}
• Medial and final forms may be distinguished from those of other tooth-shaped letters through: vowel harmony (e), the shape of adjacent consonants (see QA-q/k and GA-γ/g below), and position in syllable sequence (n, ng, q, γ, d).^[27]
• The final tail extends to the left after bow-shaped consonants (such as b, p, f, KA-g, and KHA-k), and to the right in all other cases.
• Derived from Old Uyghur aleph, written twice for isolate and initial forms.^{[2]:539–540, 545–546[33]:111, 113[11]:98}

U+1821 ᠡ E

Non‑​ligating forms		Ligatures
e	‑e	be	pe	ke, ge	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
э	э	бэ	пэ	хэ, гэ	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠡ	—	ᠪᠡ	ᠫᠡ	ᠬᠡ	Isolate
ᠡ‍	—	ᠪᠡ‍	ᠫᠡ‍	ᠬᠡ‍	Initial
‍ᠡ‍	—	‍ᠪᠡ‍	‍ᠫᠡ‍	‍ᠬᠡ‍	Medial
‍ᠡ	—	‍ᠪᠡ	‍ᠫᠡ	‍ᠬᠡ	Final
—	᠎ᠡ(?) ⟨⟩	—			Separated final
—	ᠡ(?) ⟨⟩	—			Separated suffix
—	ᠡ‍(?) ⟨⟩	—			Separated suffix-initial

• Transcribes Chakhar /ə/;^[20][32] Khalkha /i/, /e/, /ə/, and /∅/.^[25]:40–42
• Separated suffixes starting with, or made up by the letter, include: ‑e, ‑eče, and ‑ečegen.^[28]
• Medial and final forms may be distinguished from those of other tooth-shaped letters through: vowel harmony (a) and its effect on the shape of a words consonants (see QA-q/k and GA-γ/g below), or position in syllable sequence (n, ng, d).^[27]
• ᠡ᠋‍ = a traditional initial form.^[34]:6
• The final tail extends to the left after bow-shaped consonants (such as b, p, QA-k, and GA-g), and to the right in all other cases.
• Derived from Old Uyghur aleph.^{[2]:539–540, 545–546[33]:111, 113[11]:98}

U+1822 ᠢ I

Non‑​ligating forms		Ligatures
i	‑i	bi	pi	ki, gi	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
и	и	би	пи	хи, ги	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠢ	—	ᠪᠢ	ᠫᠢ	ᠬᠢ	Isolate
ᠢ‍	—	ᠪᠢ‍	ᠫᠢ‍	ᠬᠢ‍	Initial
‍ᠢ‍	—	‍ᠪᠢ‍	‍ᠫᠢ‍	‍ᠬᠢ‍	Medial
⟨⟩
‍ᠢ	—	‍ᠪᠢ	‍ᠫᠢ	‍ᠬᠢ	Final
—	ᠢ(?) ⟨⟩	—			Separated suffix
—	ᠢ‍(?) ⟨⟩	—			Separated suffix-initial

• Transcribes Chakhar /i/ or /ɪ/;^[20][32] Khalkha /i/, /ə/, and /∅/.^[25]:40–42
• Separated suffixes starting with, or made up by the letter, include: ‑i, ‑iyan/‑iyen, and ‑iyar/‑iyer.^[28]
• Today often absorbed into a preceding syllable when at the end of a word.
• Written medially with the single stroke after a consonant, and with two after a vowel (with rare exceptions like ᠨᠠ‍ᠢ‍ᠮᠠ naima 'eight' or ᠨᠠ‍ᠢ‍ᠮᠠᠨ naiman 'eight'/tribal name).^{[3]:31[23]:9, 39[11]:7–8}
• ‍ᠢ᠋‍ = a handwritten Inner Mongolian variant on the sequence yi (as in ᠰᠠᠶ᠋ᠢᠨ / ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ sayin 'good' being written ᠰᠠᠢ᠋ᠨ sain).^{[23]:58[11]:49[35]:346}
• Derived from Old Uyghur yodh, preceded by an aleph for isolate and initial forms.^{[2]:539–540, 545–546[33]:111, 113[11]:98}

U+1823 ᠣ O

Non‑​ligating forms	Ligatures
o	bo	po	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
о	бо	по	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠣ	ᠪᠣ	ᠫᠣ	Isolate
ᠣ‍	ᠪᠣ‍	ᠫᠣ‍	Initial
‍ᠣ‍	‍ᠪᠣ‍	‍ᠫᠣ‍	Medial
‍ᠣ	‍ᠪᠣ	‍ᠫᠣ	Final

• Transcribes Chakhar /ɔ/;^[20][32] Khalkha /ɔ/, /ə/, and /∅/.^[25]:40–42
• Written identically to u in native words;^[3]:19[23]:9 distinction depending on context.
• ‍ᠣ᠋ = the final form used in loanwords (as in ᠷᠠᠳᠢᠣ᠋ radio).^[11]:98[18]
• Derived from Old Uyghur waw, preceded by an aleph for isolate and initial forms.^{[2]:539–540, 545–546[33]:111, 113[11]:98}

U+1824 ᠤ U

Non‑​ligating forms					Ligatures
u	u‑a	‑u	‑un	uu	bu	pu	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
у	уа	у	ун	уу	бу	пу	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠤ	—			ᠤᠤ(?) ⟨⟩	ᠪᠤ	ᠫᠤ	Isolate
ᠤ‍	—				ᠪᠤ‍	ᠫᠤ‍	Initial
‍ᠤ‍	—				‍ᠪᠤ‍	‍ᠫᠤ‍	Medial
‍ᠤ	‍ᠤ᠎ᠠ(?) ⟨ ⟩	—			‍ᠪᠤ	‍ᠫᠤ	Final
—		ᠤ(?) ⟨⟩	ᠤᠨ(?) ⟨⟩	—			Separated suffix
—		＋ ᠤ‍	—				Separated suffix-initial

• Transcribes Chakhar /ʊ/;^[20][32] Khalkha /ʊ/, /ə/, and /∅/.^[25]:40–42
• Written identically to o in native words;^[3]:19[23]:9 distinction depending on context.
• Derived from Old Uyghur waw, preceded by an aleph for isolate and initial forms.^{[2]:539–540, 545–546[33]:111, 113[11]:98}

U+1825 ᠥ OE

Non‑​ligating forms	Ligatures
ö	bö	pö	kö, gö	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
ө	бө	пө	хө, гө	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠥ	ᠪᠥ᠋	ᠫᠥ᠋	ᠭᠥ(?) (w/o tail)	Isolate
			ᠭᠥ᠋(?) (w/ tail)
ᠥ‍	ᠪᠥ‍	ᠫᠥ‍	ᠭᠥ‍	Initial
‍ᠥ᠋‍	‍ᠪᠥ‍	‍ᠫᠥ‍	‍ᠭᠥ‍	Medial
‍ᠥ‍
‍ᠥ	‍ᠪᠥ	‍ᠫᠥ	‍ᠭᠥ	Final

• Transcribes Chakhar /o/;^[20][32] Khalkha /o/[ɵ], /ə/, and /∅/.^[25]:40–42
• Separated suffixes starting with, or made up by the letter, include: ‑u, ‑un, ‑ud, and ‑uruγu.^[28]
• Written identically to ü in native words;^[3]:20[23]:9 distinction depending on context.
• ‍ᠥ᠋ = an older final form; also used in loanwords.^[11]:105
• The first medial form is used in the first syllable of native words,^[2]:546 and in subsequent medial positions of loanwords.
• Derived from Old Uyghur waw, followed by a yodh in word-initial syllables, and preceded by an aleph for isolate and initial forms.^{[2]:539–540, 545–546[33]:111, 113[11]:98}

U+1826 ᠦ UE

Non‑​ligating forms				Ligatures
ü	‑ü	‑ün	üü	bü	pü	kü, gü	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
ү	ү	үн	үү	бү	пү	хү, гү	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠦ	—		ᠦᠦ(?) ⟨⟩	ᠪᠦ᠋	ᠫᠦ᠋	ᠭᠦ(?) (w/o tail)	Isolate
						ᠭᠦ᠋(?) (w/ tail)
ᠦ‍	—			ᠪᠦ‍	ᠫᠦ‍	ᠭᠦ‍	Initial
‍ᠦ᠋‍	—			‍ᠪᠦ‍	‍ᠫᠦ‍	‍ᠭᠦ‍	Medial
‍ᠦ‍
‍ᠦ	—			‍ᠪᠦ	‍ᠫᠦ	‍ᠭᠦ	Final
—	ᠦ(?) ⟨⟩	ᠦᠨ(?) ⟨⟩	—				Separated suffix
—	＋ ᠦ‍	—					Separated suffix-initial

• Transcribes Chakhar /u/;^[20][32] Khalkha /u/, /ə/, and /∅/.^[25]:40–42
• Separated suffixes starting with, or made up by the letter, include: ‑ü, ‑ün, ‑ügei, and ‑üd.^[28]
• Written identically to ö in native words;^[3]:20[23]:9 distinction depending on context.
• ‍ᠦ᠋ = an older final form; also used in loanwords.^[11]:105
• The first medial form is used in the first syllable of native words,^[2]:546 and in subsequent medial positions of loanwords.
• Derived from Old Uyghur waw, followed by a yodh in word-initial syllables, and preceded by an aleph for isolate and initial forms.^{[2]:539–540, 545–546[33]:111, 113[11]:98}

U+1827 ᠧ EE

Non‑​ligating forms	Ligatures
ē	fē	gē	kē	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
е	фе	ке	ке	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠧ	ᠹᠧ	ᠺᠧ	ᠻᠧ	Isolate
ᠧ‍	ᠹᠧ‍	ᠺᠧ‍	ᠻᠧ‍	Initial
‍ᠧ‍	‍ᠹᠧ‍	‍ᠺᠧ‍	‍ᠻᠧ‍	Medial
‍ᠧ	‍ᠹᠧ	‍ᠺᠧ	‍ᠻᠧ	Final

• Stands in for e in loanwords,^{[11]:104, 108[32]} as in ᠧᠦ᠋ᠷᠣᠫᠠ ēüropa / европ yevrop.^[18]

Consonants

ᠨ

Letter

n	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
н	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠨ‍	Word-initial
‍ᠨ‍	Medial
‍ᠨ᠋‍
‍ᠨ	Final

C-V syllables

n‑a	n‑e	na	ne	ni	no	nu	nö	nü	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
н‑а	н‑э	на	нэ	ни	но	ну	нө	нү	Cyrillic transliteration
—		ᠨᠠ		ᠨᠢ	ᠨᠣ᠋		ᠨᠦ᠋		Isolate
		ᠨᠠ‍		ᠨᠢ‍	ᠨᠣ‍		ᠨᠦ‍		Word-initial
		‍ᠨᠠ‍		‍ᠨᠢ‍	‍ᠨᠣ‍				Medial
‍ᠨ᠎ᠠ(?) ⟨ ⟩		‍ᠨᠠ		‍ᠨᠢ	‍ᠨᠣ				Final

Separated suffixes

‑na	‑ne	‑nu	‑nü	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
‑на	‑нэ	‑ну	‑нү	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠨᠠ‍		ᠨᠤ‍		Suffix-initial

• Transcribes Chakhar /n/;^[20][32] Khalkha /n/, and /ŋ/.^[25]:40–42
• Separated suffixes starting with the letter, include: ‑nar/‑ner, and ‑nuγud/‑nügüd.^[28]
• Distinction from other tooth-shaped letters by position in syllable sequence.
• Dotted before a vowel (attached or separated); undotted before a consonant (syllable-final) or a whitespace.^{[3]:20[2]:546[24]:6[20]} Final dotted n is also found in modern Mongolian words.^[11]:101 Also fully or inconsistently undotted historically (ᠨ᠋‍ etc.).^{[3]:2, 20, 25–26[33]:114[11]:97–98}
• Derived from Old Uyghur nun.^{[2]:539–540, 545–546[33]:111, 114[11]:98}

ᠩ

ng	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
нг	Cyrillic transliteration
—	Word-initial
‍ᠩ‍	Syllable-final medial
‍ᠩ	Final

• Transcribes Chakhar /ŋ/;^[20][32] Khalkha /ŋ/.^[25]:40–42
• Not occurring word-initially.^[3]:15
• Transcribes /ng/ in Tibetan ང /nga/; Sanskrit ङ /ṅa/.^[3]:28
• Derived from Old Uyghur nun-kaph digraph.^{[2]:539–540, 545–546[33]:111, 115[11]:98}

ᠪ

Letter

b	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
б	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠪ‍	Word-initial
‍ᠪ‍	Syllable-initial/final medial
‍ᠪ	Final

C-V syllables

ba	be	bi	bo	bu	bö	bü	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
ба	бэ	би	бо	бу	бө	бү	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠪᠠ		ᠪᠢ	ᠪᠣ[f]		ᠪᠦ᠋		Isolate
ᠪᠠ‍		ᠪᠢ‍	ᠪᠣ‍		ᠪᠦ‍		Word-initial
‍ᠪᠠ‍		‍ᠪᠢ‍	‍ᠪᠣ‍				Medial
‍ᠪᠠ		‍ᠪᠢ	‍ᠪᠣ				Final

Separated suffixes

‑ba	‑be	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
‑ба	‑бэ	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠪᠠ‍		Suffix-initial

• Transcribes Chakhar /b/;^[20][32] Khalkha /p/, /w/, and /∅/.^[25]:40–42
• Separated suffixes starting with the letter, include: ‑ban/‑ben, and ‑bar/‑ber.^[28]
• For Classical Mongolian, Latin v is used only for transcribing foreign words, so most в (v) in Cyrillic Mongolian correspond to б (b) in Classical Mongolian.
• ‍ᠪ᠋ = an alternative/older final form.^{[23]:58[11]:100, 105[31]:4}
• Derived from Old Uyghur pe.^{[2]:539–540, 545–546[33]:111, 115[11]:98}

ᠫ

Letter

p	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
п	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠫ‍	Word-initial
‍ᠫ‍	Medial
(‍ᠫ)	Final

C-V syllables

pa	pe	pi	po	pu	pö	pü	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
па	пэ	пи	по	пу	пө	пү	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠫᠠ		ᠫᠢ	ᠫᠣ		ᠫᠦ᠋		Isolate
ᠫᠠ‍		ᠫᠢ‍	ᠫᠣ‍		ᠫᠦ‍		Word-initial
‍ᠫᠠ‍		‍ᠫᠢ‍	‍ᠫᠣ‍				Medial
‍ᠫᠠ		‍ᠫᠢ	‍ᠫᠣ				Final

• Transcribes Chakhar /p/;^[20][32] Khalkha /pʰ/.^[25]:40–42
• Only at the beginning of Mongolian words (although words with an initial p tend to be foreign).^{[26]:5[30]:27[20]}
• Not occurring word- or syllable-finally.^{[3]:15[24]:27, 28[20]}
• Transcribes /p/ in Tibetan པ /pa/.^{[36]:(ᢒ?) 96, 155, 247[3]:28}
• Galik letter, derived from Mongolian b.^[11]:98

ᠬ (1/2)

Letter

q	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
х	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠬ	Word-initial
‍ᠬ‍	Syllable-initial medial
—	Final

C-V syllables

q‑a	qa	qo	qu	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
х‑а	ха	хо	ху	Cyrillic transliteration
—	ᠬᠠ	ᠬᠣ᠋		Isolate
	ᠬᠠ‍	ᠬᠣ‍		Word-initial
	‍ᠬᠠ‍	‍ᠬᠣ‍		Medial
	—	‍ᠬᠣ		Final
‍ᠬ᠎ᠠ(?) ⟨ ⟩

• Transcribes Chakhar /x/;^[20][32] Khalkha /x/.
• Only in words with back a, o, and u vowels.^{[3]:15[23]:10}
• Distinction from other tooth-shaped letters by position in syllable sequence. Not occurring word- or syllable-finally.^{[3]:15[24]:27, 28[20]}
• Variously dotted/undotted, or written kaph-shaped as an initial in early orthography.^[33]:114
• Derived from Old Uyghur merged gimel and heth.^{[2]:539–540, 545–546[33]:111, 113–115[11]:98}

ᠬ (2/2)

Letter

k	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
х	Cyrillic transliteration
—	Word-initial
—	Syllable-final medial
—	Final

C-V syllables

ke	ki	kö	kü	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
хэ	хи	хө	хү	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠬᠡ	ᠬᠢ	ᠬᠦ(?) (w/o tail)[g]		Isolate
		ᠬᠦ᠋(?) (w/ tail)[h]
ᠬᠡ‍	ᠬᠢ‍	ᠬᠦ‍		Word-initial
‍ᠬᠡ‍	‍ᠬᠢ‍	‍ᠬᠦ‍		Medial
‍ᠬᠡ	‍ᠬᠢ	‍ᠬᠦ		Final

Separated suffixes

‑ki	‑kin	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
‑хи	‑хин	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠬᠢ	ᠬᠢᠨ	Separated suffixes

• Transcribes Chakhar /x/;^[20][32] Khalkha /x/.
• Separated suffixes starting with the letter, include: ‑ki, and ‑kin.^[28]
• Only in words with neutral i and front e, ö, and ü vowels.^{[3]:15[23]:10}
• Undistinguished from GA-g.^{[3]:15, 24[23]:9}
• Not occurring word- or syllable-finally.^{[3]:15[24]:27, 28[20]}
• Derived from Old Uyghur kaph.^{[2]:539–540, 545–546[33]:111, 113, 115[11]:98}

ᠭ (1/2)

Letter

γ	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
г	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠭ	Word-initial
‍ᠭ‍	Medial
‍ᠭ᠋‍
‍ᠭ	Final

C-V syllables

γ‑a	γa	γo	γu	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
г‑а	га	го	гу	Cyrillic transliteration
—	ᠭᠠ	ᠭᠣ᠋		Isolate
	ᠭᠠ‍	ᠭᠣ‍		Word-initial
	‍ᠭᠠ‍	‍ᠭᠣ‍		Medial
‍ᠭ᠎ᠠ(?) ⟨ ⟩	—	‍ᠭᠣ		Final

• Transcribes Chakhar /ɣ/;^[20] Khalkha /ɢ/, and /∅/.^[25]:40–42
• Only in words with back a, o, and u vowels.^{[3]:15[23]:10}
• Dotted before a vowel (attached or separated); undotted before a consonant (syllable-final) or a whitespace.^{[3]:21[2]:546[24]:5[20]}
• May turn silent between two adjacent vowels, and merge these into a long vowel or diphthong.^{[3]:36–37[23][11]:49} Qaγan (ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ) 'Khagan' for instance, is read as Qaan unless reading classical literary Mongolian. Some exceptions like tsa-g-aan 'white' exist.
• Also fully or inconsistently undotted historically,.^{[3]:2, 21, 25–26[33]:114[11]:97–98}
• Also transliterated scholarly with Latin ɣ.^[31]
• Derived from Old Uyghur merged gimel and heth.^{[2]:539–540, 545–546[33]:111, 113–115[11]:98}

ᠭ (2/2)

Letter

g	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
г	Cyrillic transliteration
(⟨⟩)	Word-initial
‍ᠭ᠍‍(?) ⟨⟩	Syllable-final medial
‍ᠭ᠋(?) ⟨⟩	Final

C-V syllables

ge	gi	gö	gü	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
гэ	ги	гө	гү	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠭᠡ	ᠭᠢ	ᠭᠦ(?) (w/o tail)		Isolate
		ᠭᠦ᠋ (w/ tail)
ᠭᠡ‍	ᠭᠢ‍	ᠭᠦ‍		Word-initial
‍ᠭᠡ‍	‍ᠭᠢ‍	‍ᠭᠦ‍		Medial
‍ᠭᠡ	‍ᠬᠢ	‍ᠭᠦ		Final

• Transcribes Chakhar /g/;^[20][32] Khalkha /g/.
• Only in words with neutral i and front e, ö, and ü vowels.^{[3]:15[23]:10}
• Undistinguished from QA-k.^{[3]:15, 24[23]:9} When it must be distinguished from k medially, it can be written twice (as in ᠥᠭᠭᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ öggügsen 'given', compared with ᠦᠬᠦᠭᠰᠡᠨ ükügsen 'dead').^[23]:59[18]
• Not occurring word-initially with a consonant following it, except in loanwords such as ᠭᠱᠠᠨ^(?) gšan 'moment', or ᠭᠷᠠᠮᠮ^(?) gramm 'gram'.^{[3]:15, 32, 34[18]} The final form is also found written like Manchu final ‍ᡴ᠋ k.^[37][11]:104
• May turn silent between two adjacent vowels, and merge these into a long vowel or diphthong.^{[3]:36–37[23][11]:49} Deger for instance, is read as deer. Some exceptions like ügüi 'no' exist.
• Derived from Old Uyghur kaph.^{[2]:539–540, 545–546[33]:111, 113, 115[11]:98}

ᠮ

Letter

m	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
м	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠮ‍	Word-initial
‍ᠮ‍	Syllable-initial/final medial
‍ᠮ	Final

C-V syllables

m‑a	m‑e	ma	me	mi	mo	mu	mö	mü	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
м‑а	м‑э	ма	мэ	ми	мо	му	мө	мү	Cyrillic transliteration
—		ᠮᠠ		ᠮᠢ	ᠮᠣ᠋		ᠮᠦ᠋		Isolate
		ᠮᠠ‍		ᠮᠢ‍	ᠮᠣ‍		ᠮᠦ‍		Word-initial
		‍ᠮᠠ‍		‍ᠮᠢ‍	‍ᠮᠣ‍				Medial
‍ᠮ᠎ᠠ(?) ⟨ ⟩		‍ᠮᠠ		‍ᠮᠢ	‍ᠮᠣ				Final

• Transcribes Chakhar /m/;^[20][32] Khalkha /m/.^[25]:40–42
• = ml (‍ᠮᠯ‍) written as a medial ligature.^{[38]:029[3]:24, 36[23]:58[2]:546[11]:100}
• Derived from Old Uyghur mem.^{[2]:539–540, 545–546[33]:111, 113[11]:98}

ᠯ

Letter

l	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
л	Cyrillic transliteration
(ᠯ‍)	Word-initial
‍ᠯ‍	Syllable-initial/final medial
‍ᠯ	Final

C-V syllables

l‑a	l‑e	la	le	li	lo	lu	lö	lü	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
л‑а	л‑э	ла	лэ	ли	ло	лу	лө	лү	Cyrillic transliteration
—		ᠯᠠ		ᠯᠢ	ᠯᠣ᠋		ᠯᠦ᠋		Isolate
		ᠯᠠ‍		ᠯᠢ‍	ᠯᠣ‍		ᠯᠦ‍		Word-initial
		‍ᠯᠠ‍		‍ᠯᠢ‍	‍ᠯᠣ‍				Medial
‍ᠯ᠎ᠠ(?) ⟨ ⟩		‍ᠯᠠ		‍ᠯᠢ	‍ᠯᠣ				Final

Separated suffixes

‑lu	‑lü	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
‑лу	‑лү	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠯᠤ‍		Suffix-initial

• Transcribes Chakhar /l/;^[20][32] Khalkha /ɮ/.^[25]:40–42
• Separated suffixes starting with the letter, include: ‑luγ‑a/‑lüge.^[28]
• Not occurring word-initially in native words.^[23]:10
• Forms a ligature with a preceding "bow"-shaped consonant in loanwords such as ᠪᠯᠠᠮ᠎ᠠ^(?) blam-a 'lama' from Tibetan བླ་མ་ Wylie: bla-ma.^{[3]:15, 32[11]:100}
• = ml (‍ᠮᠯ‍) written as a medial ligature.^{[38]:029[3]:24, 36[23]:58[2]:546[11]:100}
• Derived from Old Uyghur hooked resh.^{[2]:539–540, 545–546[33]:111, 113[11]:98}

ᠰ

Letter

s	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
с	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠰ‍	Word-initial
‍ᠰ‍	Syllable-initial/final medial
‍ᠰ	Final

C-V syllables

s‑a	s‑e[i]	sa	se	si	so	su	sö	sü	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
с‑а	с‑э	са	сэ	си	со	су	сө	сү	Cyrillic transliteration
—		ᠰᠠ		ᠰᠢ	ᠰᠣ᠋		ᠰᠦ᠋		Isolate
		ᠰᠠ‍		ᠰᠢ‍	ᠰᠣ‍		ᠰᠦ‍		Word-initial
		‍ᠰᠠ‍		‍ᠰᠢ‍	‍ᠰᠣ‍				Medial
‍ᠰ᠎ᠠ(?) ⟨ ⟩		‍ᠰᠠ		‍ᠰᠢ	‍ᠰᠣ				Final

• Transcribes Chakhar /s/, or /ʃ/ before i;^[23]:58[20] Khalkha /s/, or /ʃ/ before i. Before a morpheme boundary however, there is no change of s to /ʃ/ before an i.^[23]:84
• ‍ᠰ᠋ = an older final variant form for /s/ derived from Old Uyghur zayin (as found on the Stele of Yisüngge [ru]: ᠴᠢᠩᠭᠢᠰ᠋ Činggis 'Genghis').^{[3]:23[2]:539–540, 545–546[33]:111, 113–114[11]:98}
• Derived from Old Uyghur merged samekh and shin.^{[2]:539–540, 545–546[33]:111, 113[11]:98}

ᠱ

Letter

š	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
ш	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠱ‍	Word-initial
‍ᠱ‍	Syllable-initial medial
(‍ᠱ)	Final

C-V syllables

ša	še	ši	šo	šu	šö	šü	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
ша	шэ	ши	шо	шу	шө	шү	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠱᠠ		ᠱᠢ	ᠱᠣ᠋		ᠱᠦ᠋		Isolate
ᠱᠠ‍		ᠱᠢ‍	ᠱᠣ‍		ᠱᠦ‍		Word-initial
‍ᠱᠠ‍		‍ᠱᠢ‍	‍ᠱᠣ‍				Medial
‍ᠱᠠ		‍ᠱᠢ	‍ᠱᠣ				Final

• Transcribes Chakhar /ʃ/;^[20][32] Khalkha /ʃ/.
• Also fully or inconsistently undotted historically.^{[3]:2, 25–26[33]:114[11]:97–98}
• Final š is only found in modern Mongolian words.^{[3]:15[11]:101}
• Derived from Old Uyghur merged samekh and shin.^{[2]:539–540, 545–546[33]:111, 113–114[11]:98}

ᠲ

Letter

t	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
т	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠲ‍	Word-initial
‍ᠲ‍	Syllable-initial medial
—	Final

C-V syllables

ta	te	ti	to	tu	tö	tü	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
та	тэ	ти	то	ту	тө	тү	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠲᠠ		ᠲᠢ	ᠲᠣ᠋		ᠲᠦ᠋		Isolate
ᠲᠠ‍		ᠲᠢ‍	ᠲᠣ‍		ᠲᠦ‍		Word-initial
‍ᠲᠠ‍		‍ᠲᠢ‍	‍ᠲᠣ‍				Medial
‍ᠲᠠ		‍ᠲᠢ	‍ᠲᠣ				Final

Separated suffixes

‑ta	‑te	‑tu	‑tü	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
‑та	‑тэ	‑ту	‑тү	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠲᠠ‍		ᠲᠤ‍		Suffix-initial

• Transcribes Chakhar /t/;^[20][32] Khalkha /t/.^[25]:40–42
• Separated suffixes starting with the letter, include: ‑tai/‑tei, ‑taγan/‑tegen, ‑tayiγan/‑teyigen, and ‑tu(r)/‑tü(r).^[28]
• Syllable-initially undistinguished from d in native words.^{[3]:23[23]:9[20]}
• Not occurring word- or syllable-finally.^{[3]:15[24]:27, 28[20]}
• Derived from Old Uyghur taw (initial) and lamedh (medial).^{[2]:539–540, 545–546[33]:111, 113[11]:98}
• Positional variants on taw ⟨ᠲ‍/‍ᠲ᠋‍/‍ᠲ⟩ are used consistently for t in foreign words.^{[3]:23[11]:101, 104}
• The lamedh glyph may appear with a diagonal oval shape in handwriting, similar in form to galik TA ᢐ,^{[38]:096[39][40]} or more angular and closer in shape to galik DA ᢑ in older texts.^[38]

ᠳ

Letter

d	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
д	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠳ‍	Word-initial
‍ᠳ‍	Medial
‍ᠳ᠋‍
‍ᠳ	Final

C-V syllables

da	de	di	do	du	dö	dü	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
да	дэ	ди	до	ду	дө	дү	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠳᠠ		ᠳᠢ	ᠳᠣ᠋		ᠳᠦ᠋		Isolate
ᠳ᠋ᠠ		ᠳ᠋ᠢ	ᠳ᠋ᠣ᠋		ᠳ᠋ᠦ᠋
ᠳᠠ‍		ᠳᠢ‍	ᠳᠣ‍		ᠳᠦ‍		Word-initial
‍ᠳᠠ‍		‍ᠳᠢ‍	‍ᠳᠣ‍				Medial
‍ᠳᠠ		‍ᠳᠢ	‍ᠳᠣ				Final

Separated suffixes

‑d	‑da	‑de	‑du	‑dü	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
‑д	‑да	‑дэ	‑ду	‑дү	Cyrillic transliteration
	ᠳᠠ‍(?)		ᠳᠤ‍(?)		Suffix-initial

• Transcribes Chakhar /d/;^[20][32] Khalkha /t/, and /tʰ/.^[25]:40–42
• Separated suffixes starting with the letter, include: ‑daki/‑deki, ‑daγ/‑deg, ‑daγan/‑degen, ‑duγar/‑düger, and ‑du(r)/‑dü(r).^[28]
• Syllable-initially undistinguished from t in native words.^{[3]:23[23]:9[20]} When it must be distinguished from t medially, it can be written twice, and with both medial forms (as in ᠬᠤᠳᠳᠤᠭ qudduγ 'well', compared with ᠬᠤᠲᠤᠭ qutuγ 'holy').^[23]:59[18]
• The belly-tooth-shaped form is used before consonants (syllable-final), the other before vowels.^{[23]:58[24]:5}
• Derived from Old Uyghur taw (initial, belly-tooth-shaped medial, and final) and lamedh (other medial form).^{[2]:539–540, 545–546[33]:111, 113[11]:98}
• Positional variants on lamedh ⟨ᠳ᠋‍/‍ᠲ‍/‍ᠳ᠋⟩^[j] are used consistently for d in foreign words.^[3]:23[k]
• The lamedh glyph may appear with a diagonal oval shape in handwriting, similar in form to galik TA ᢐ,^{[38]:096[39][40][41]} or more angular and closer in shape to galik DA ᢑ in older texts.^[38]

ᠴ

Letter

č	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
ч	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠴ‍	Word-initial
‍ᠴ‍	Syllable-initial medial
(‍ᠴ)	Final

C-V syllables

ča	če	či	čo	ču	čö	čü	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
ча	чэ	чи	чо	чу	чө	чү	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠴᠠ		ᠴᠢ	ᠴᠣ᠋		ᠴᠦ᠋		Isolate
ᠴᠠ‍		ᠴᠢ‍	ᠴᠣ‍		ᠴᠦ‍		Word-initial
‍ᠴᠠ‍		‍ᠴᠢ‍	‍ᠴᠣ‍				Medial
‍ᠴᠠ		‍ᠴᠢ	‍ᠴᠣ				Final

• Transcribes Chakhar /t͡ʃ/;^[20][32] Khalkha /t͡ʃʰ/, or /t͡sʰ/ (corresponds to Cyrillic ц).^{[20]:§ 1.2[26]:2} Distinction between /t͡ʃʰ/ and /t͡sʰ/ in Khalkha Mongolian.
• Not occurring word- or syllable-finally.^{[3]:15[24]:27, 28[20]}
• Derived from Old Uyghur tsade, and in the 17th–18th century Classical Mongolian language distinguished from medial ǰ ‍ᠵ‍ through its more angular form.^{[23]:59[2]:539–540, 545–546[33]:111, 113[11]:98}

ᠵ

Letter

ǰ	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
ж	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠵ‍	Word-initial
‍ᠵ‍	Syllable-initial medial
(‍ᠵ)	Final

C-V syllables

ǰ‑a	ǰa	ǰe	ǰi	ǰo	ǰu	ǰö	ǰü	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
ж‑а	жа	жэ	жи	жо	жу	жө	жү	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠵ᠎ᠠ(?) ⟨ ⟩[l]	ᠵᠠ		ᠵᠢ	ᠵᠣ᠋		ᠵᠦ᠋		Isolate
—	ᠵᠠ‍		ᠵᠢ‍	ᠵᠣ‍		ᠵᠦ‍		Word-initial
	‍ᠵᠠ‍		‍ᠵᠢ‍	‍ᠵᠣ‍				Medial
	‍ᠵᠠ		‍ᠵᠢ	‍ᠵᠣ				Final

Separated suffixes

‑ǰ‑a	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
‑ж‑а	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠵ᠎ᠠ(?) ⟨ ⟩[m]	Suffix

• Transcribes Chakhar /d͡ʒ/;^[20][32] Khalkha /d͡ʒ/, or d͡z (corresponds to Cyrillic з).^{[20]:§ 1.2[26]:2} Distinction by context between /d͡ʒ/ and /d͡z/ in Khalkha Mongolian.
• Not occurring word- or syllable-finally.^{[3]:15[24]:27, 28[20]}
• Also transliterated scholarly with Latin j.^[31]
• Derived from Old Uyghur yodh (initial) and tsade (medial), and in the 17th–18th century Classical Mongolian language distinguished from medial č ᠴ through its less angular form.^{[23]:59[2]:545[11]:98}

ᠶ

Letter

y	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
й	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠶ‍(?) ⟨⟩	Word-initial
ᠶ᠋‍(?) ⟨⟩
‍ᠶ‍(?) ⟨⟩	Syllable-initial medial
‍ᠶ᠋‍(?) ⟨⟩
—	Final

C-V syllables

y‑a	y‑e	ya	ye	yi	yo	yu	yö	yü	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
й‑а	й‑э	йа	йэ	йи	йо	йу	йө	йү	Cyrillic transliteration
—		ᠶᠠ		ᠶᠢ	ᠶᠣ᠋		ᠶᠦ᠋		Isolate
		ᠶᠠ‍		ᠶᠢ‍	ᠶᠣ‍		ᠶᠦ‍		Word-initial
		‍ᠶᠠ‍		‍ᠶᠢ‍	‍ᠶᠣ‍				Medial
‍ᠶ᠎ᠠ(?) ⟨ ⟩		‍ᠶᠠ		‍ᠶᠢ	‍ᠶᠣ				Final

Separated suffixes

‑y	‑yi	‑yin	‑yu	‑yü	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
‑й	‑йи	‑йин	‑йуган	‑йүген	Cyrillic transliteration
	ᠶᠢ(?)	ᠶᠢᠨ(?)	—		Suffix
	—		ᠶᠤᠭᠠᠨ(?)	ᠶᠦᠭᠡᠨ(?)

• Transcribes Chakhar /j/;^[20][32] Khalkha /j/.^[25]:40–42
• Separated suffixes starting with the letter, include: ‑yi, ‑yin, and ‑yuγan/‑yügen.^[28]
• The unhooked initial and medial forms are older ones.^{[2]:545, 546[11]:108}
• Derived from Old Uyghur yodh, and in the 19th century distinguished from initial ǰ by the borrowing of Manchu hooked yodh.^{[2]:545[23]:59}

ᠷ

Letter

r	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
р	Cyrillic transliteration
(ᠷ‍)	Word-initial
‍ᠷ‍	Syllable-initial/final medial
‍ᠷ	Final

C-V syllables

r‑a	r‑e	ra	re	ri	ro	ru	rö	rü	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
р‑а	р‑э	ра	рэ	ри	ро	ру	рө	рү	Cyrillic transliteration
—		ᠷᠠ		ᠷᠢ	ᠷᠣ᠋		ᠷᠦ᠋		Isolate
		ᠷᠠ‍		ᠷᠢ‍	ᠷᠣ‍		ᠷᠦ‍		Word-initial
		‍ᠷᠠ‍		‍ᠷᠢ‍	‍ᠷᠣ‍				Medial
‍ᠷ᠎ᠠ(?) ⟨ ⟩		‍ᠷᠠ		‍ᠷᠢ	‍ᠷᠣ				Final

• Transcribes Chakhar /r/;^[20][32] Khalkha /r/.^[25]:40–42
• Not occurring word-initially except in loanwords.^[3]:14 Transcribed foreign words usually get a vowel prepended; transcribing Русь (Russia) results in ᠣᠷᠤᠰ Oros.
• Derived from Old Uyghur resh.^{[2]:539–540, 545–546[33]:111, 113[11]:98}

Consonants for foreign words

U+1838 ᠸ WA

Forms
w	w‑a, w‑e	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
в	ва, вэ	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠸ‍	—	Initial
‍ᠸ‍	—	Medial
‍ᠸ(?) ⟨‍ᠧ⟩	‍ᠸ᠎ᠠ(?) ⟨ ⟩	Final

• Transcribes Chakhar /w/;^[20][32]
• Used to transcribe foreign words (originally for v in Sanskrit व /va/). Transcribes /w/ in Tibetan ཝ /wa/;^{[36]:254[3]:28[33]:113} Old Uyghur and Chinese loanwords.^{[11]:113[11]:104}
• Also transliterated scholarly with Latin v.^[31]
• Derived from Old Uyghur bet,^{[2]:539–540, 545–546[33]:111, 113[11]:97} and "waw" (before a separated vowel).

U+1839 ᠹ FA

Non‑​ligating forms	Ligatures
f	fa	fē	fi	fo	fü	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
ф	фа	фе	фи	фо	фү	Cyrillic transliteration
—	ᠹᠠ	ᠹᠧ	ᠹᠢ	ᠹᠣ	ᠹᠦ᠋	Isolate
ᠹ‍	ᠹᠠ‍	ᠹᠧ‍	ᠹᠢ‍	ᠹᠣ‍	ᠹᠦ‍	Initial
‍ᠹ‍	‍ᠹᠠ‍	‍ᠹᠧ‍	‍ᠹᠢ‍	‍ᠹᠣ‍	‍ᠹᠦ᠋‍	Medial
‍ᠹ	‍ᠹᠠ	‍ᠹᠧ	‍ᠹᠢ	‍ᠹᠣ	‍ᠹᠦ᠋	Final

• Transcribes Chakhar /f/;^[20][32]
• Used to transcribe foreign words.
• Transcribes /pʰ/ in Tibetan ཕ /pʰa/.^{[36]:96, 247[3]:28}
• Galik letter, derived from Mongolian b.^[11]:98

U+183A ᠺ KA

Non‑​ligating forms	Ligatures
g	ga	gē	gi	go	gü	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
к	ка	ке	ки	ко	кү	Cyrillic transliteration
—	ᠺᠠ	ᠺᠧ	ᠺᠢ	ᠺᠣ	ᠺᠦ᠋(?) (w/ tail)	Isolate
ᠺ‍	ᠺᠠ‍	ᠺᠧ‍	ᠺᠢ‍	ᠺᠣ‍	ᠺᠦ‍	Initial
‍ᠺ‍	‍ᠺᠠ‍	‍ᠺᠧ‍	‍ᠺᠢ‍	‍ᠺᠣ‍	‍ᠺᠦ᠋‍(?) (w/ yodh)	Medial
‍ᠺ	‍ᠺᠠ	‍ᠺᠧ	‍ᠺᠢ	‍ᠺᠣ	‍ᠺᠦ᠋(?) (w/ tail)	Final

• Transcribes Chakhar /k/;^[20][32]
• Also transliterated scholarly with Latin k.^[31]
• Used to transcribe foreign words (originally for g in Tibetan ག /ga/; Sanskrit ग /ga/).^{[36]:87, 244, 251[3]:28}
• Galik letter.^[23]:59–60

U+183B ᠻ KHA

Non‑​ligating forms	Ligatures
k	ka	kē	ki	ko	kü	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
к	ка	ке	ки	ко	кү	Cyrillic transliteration
—	ᠻᠠ	ᠻᠧ	ᠻᠢ	ᠻᠣ	ᠻᠦ᠋	Isolate
ᠻ‍	ᠻᠠ‍	ᠻᠧ‍	ᠻᠢ‍	ᠻᠣ‍	ᠻᠦ‍	Initial
‍ᠻ‍	‍ᠻᠠ‍	‍ᠻᠧ‍	‍ᠻᠢ‍	‍ᠻᠣ‍	‍ᠻᠦ᠋‍	Medial
‍ᠻ	‍ᠻᠠ	‍ᠻᠧ	‍ᠻᠢ	‍ᠻᠣ	‍ᠻᠦ᠋	Final

• Also transliterated scholarly with Latin kh.^[31]
• Used to transcribe foreign words (originally for kʰ in Tibetan ཁ /kʰa/; Sanskrit ख /kha/).^{[36]:86, 244, 251[3]:28}

U+183C ᠼ TSA

Forms
c	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
ц	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠼ‍	Initial
‍ᠼ‍	Medial
‍ᠼ	Final

• Transcribes Chakhar /t͡s/;^[20][32]
• Used to transcribe foreign words (originally for tsʰ in Tibetan ཚ /tsʰa/; Sanskrit छ /cha/).^{[36]:89, 144, 245, 254[3]:28}
• Galik letter, derived from Preclassical Mongolian tsade č/ǰ ⟨‍ᠴ‍~‍ᠵ‍⟩.^[11]:98

U+183D ᠽ ZA

Forms
z	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
з	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠽ‍	Initial
‍ᠽ‍	Medial
‍ᠽ	Final

• Transcribes Chakhar /d͡z/;^[20][32]
• Used to transcribe foreign words (originally for dz in Tibetan ཛ /dza/; Sanskrit ज /ja/).^{[36]:89, 144, 245, 254[3]:28}
• Galik letter, derived from Preclassical Mongolian tsade č/ǰ ⟨‍ᠴ‍~‍ᠵ‍⟩.^[11]:98

U+183E ᠾ HAA

Forms
h	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
х	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠾ‍	Initial
‍ᠾ‍	Medial
‍ᠾ‌	Final

• Transcribes Chakhar /h/[x];^[20][32]
• Used to transcribe foreign words (originally for h in Tibetan ཧ /ha/, ྷ /-ha/; Sanskrit ह /ha/).^{[36]:69, 102, 194, 244–249, 255[3]:27–28[23]:59}
• Galik letter, borrowed from the Tibetan alphabet, and preceded by an aleph for initial form.^{[23]:59–60[2]:545–546[11]:98, 105}

U+183F ᠿ ZRA

Forms
ž	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
ж	Cyrillic transliteration
ᠿ‍	Initial
—	Medial
—	Final

• Transcribes Chakhar /ʐ/;^[20][32]
• Transcribes Chinese r /ɻ/ ([ɻ ~ ʐ];^[n] as in 日 Ri), and used in Inner Mongolia. Always followed by an i.^[32]
• Transliterates /ʒ/ in Tibetan ཞ /ʒa/.^{[36]:254 (紗)}

U+1840 ᡀ LHA

Forms
lh	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
лх	Cyrillic transliteration
ᡀ‍	Initial
‍ᡀ‍	Medial
—	Final

• Transcribes Tibetan lh (as in ᡀᠠᠰᠠ Lhasa).^[32][43]
• Digraph composed of ᠯ l and ᠾ h.^[30]:30 Transcribes /lh/ in Tibetan ལྷ /lha/.^{[36]:220[3]:27}

U+1841 ᡁ ZHI

Forms
zh	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
з	Cyrillic transliteration
ᡁ‍	Initial
—	Medial
—	Final

• Transcribes zh in the Chinese syllable zhi only, and used in Inner Mongolia.^[11]:105[32]
• Galik letter, borrowed from the Tibetan alphabet.^{[11]:98, 105}

U+1842 ᡂ CHI

Forms
ch	Scholarly/​Scientific transliteration
ч	Cyrillic transliteration
ᡂ‍	Initial
—	Medial
—	Final

• Transcribes ch in the Chinese syllable chi (as in 蚩 Chī), and used in Inner Mongolia.^{[36]:91, 145, 153, 246[3]:28[32]}

Punctuation

Punctuation^{[3]:28[9]:30[31]:3[14]:535–536[18]}

Form(s)	Name	Function(s)	Unicode
᠀	бярга byarga / ᠪᠢᠷᠭ᠎ᠠ(?) birγ-a	Marks start of a book, chapter, passage, or first line	U+1800
᠀᠋
᠀᠌
᠀᠍
[...]
᠁	Цуваа цэг tsuvaa tseg / ᠴᠤᠪᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠴᠡᠭ(?) čubaγ-a čeg	Ellipsis	U+1801
᠂	Цэг tseg / ᠴᠡᠭ čeg	Comma	U+1802
᠃	Давхар цэг davkhar tseg / ᠳᠠᠪᠬᠤᠷ ᠴᠡᠭ dabqur čeg	Period / full stop	U+1803
᠄	Хос цэг	Colon	U+1804
᠅	Дөрвөлжин цэг dörvöljin tseg / ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠯᠵᠢᠨ ᠴᠡᠭ dörbelǰin čeg	Marks end of a passage, paragraph, or chapter	U+1805
᠊	Нуруу nuruu / ᠨᠢᠷᠤᠭᠤ niruγu	(Non-breaking) hyphen, or stem extender	U+180A
⁈			U+2048
⁉			U+2049

Numerals

Examples

Comparison of writing styles

Trans­lit­er­a­tions	Block‑printed​ forms		Brush‑written​ forms		Browser‑​rendered​ forms(?)	Morphemes
‑a/‑e					ᠠ	Separated vowel/suffix
‑i					ᠢ	Separated suffixes
‑u/‑ü					ᠦ
‑ača/‑eče		—			ᠠᠴᠠ
‑un/‑ün					ᠤᠨ
‑dur/‑dür		—			ᠳᠦᠷ
‑yin					ᠶᠢᠨ
nom			—		ᠨᠣᠮ	Words
ba/be			—		ᠪᠠ
γobi		—			ᠭᠣᠪᠢ
kö/kü			—		ᠬᠦ	Particle

Manuscript	Type	Unicode	Transliteration (first word)
		ᠸᠢᠺᠢᠫᠧᠳᠢᠶᠠ᠂ ᠴᠢᠯᠦᠭᠡᠲᠦ ᠨᠡᠪᠲᠡᠷᠬᠡᠢ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠪᠣᠯᠠᠢ᠃	ᠸᠢ‍ wi/vi
			‍ᠺᠢ‍ gi/ki
			‍ᠫᠧ‍ pē/pé
			‍ᠲ‍ᠢ‍ di
			‍‍ᠶᠠ ya

• Transliteration: Wikipēdiya čilügetü nebterkei toli bičig bolai.
• Cyrillic: Википедиа чөлөөт нэвтэрхий толь бичиг болой.
• Transcription: Vikipedia chölööt nevterkhii toli bichig boloi.
• Gloss: Wikipedia free omni-profound mirror scripture is.
• Translation: Wikipedia is the free encyclopedia.

Gallery

• 

  'Genghis Khan' in Mongolian script

• 

  'Mongolian People's Republic'

• 

  Folded script style on the coat of arms of Govisümber Province

• 

  Mongolian script written in an angular hand

• 

  Mongolian calligraphy of the 13th century work Оюун Түлхүүр (Key of Intelligence)

• 

  Mongolian calligraphy of the 13th century work Оюун Түлхүүр (Key of Intelligence)

• 

  Mongolian calligraphy

• 

  Title of The Secret History of the Mongols in a style with vertical tails.

• 

  Mongolian stele in front of Gandantegchinlen Monastery, Ulaanbaatar

• 

  Stele for Queen Mandukhai the Wise

• 

  Mongolian script on the monument to Sukhbaatar in Ulaanbaatar, 1946

• 

  Cover page with printed hand-lettering in red, early 20th century

• 

  Postage stamp with words augmented with letters from the Manchu alphabet, 1932

• 

  Printed text sample, 1931

• 

  1 Mongolian tögrög, 1925

• 

  Mongolian dollar with a long body of printed text, 1921

• 

  Brush-written page from the Mongolian declaration of independence, 1912

• 

  Imperial seal of the Bogd Khan, ca 1911

• 

  Qing era manuscript map of a watchpost territory, 1902

• 

  Poem composed and brush-written by Injinash, 19th century

• 

  Mongolian sutra manuscript, 19th century

• 

  Textbook in Korean and Mongolian, 18th century

• 

  Mongolian on the far left of a Yonghe Temple board in Beijing, 1722

• 

  Copy of a jarlig of the Golden Horde khan Temür Qutlugh, 1397

• 

  Decree of Yesun Temur of the Chagatai Khanate, 1341

• 

  Paiza of the Golden Horde, 14th century

• 

  Letter from the Il-Khan Öljaitü to King Philip IV of France, 1305

• 

  Silver dirham from the reign of the Il-Khan Arghun, 1297

• 

  Coin from the reign of the ilkhan Baydu, 1295

• 

  Arghun Khan's letter to Pope Nicholas IV, 1290

• 

  Arghun Khan's letter to King Philip IV, 1289

• 

  Imperial seal of Güyük Khan in letter to Pope Innocent IV, 1246

Child systems

The Mongol script has been the basis of alphabets for several languages. First, after overcoming the Uyghur script ductus, it was used for Mongolian itself.

Clear script (Oirat alphabet)

In 1648, the Oirat Buddhist monk Zaya-pandita Namkhaijamco created this variation with the goals of bringing the written language closer to the actual pronunciation of Oirat and making it easier to transcribe Tibetan and Sanskrit. The script was used by the Kalmyks of Russia until 1924, when it was replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet. In Xinjiang, China, the Oirat people still use it.

Manchu alphabet

The Manchu alphabet was developed from the Mongolian script in the early 17th century to write the Manchu language. A variant is still used to write Xibe. It is also used for Daur. Its folded variant may for example be found on Chinese Qing seals.

Vagindra alphabet

Another alphabet, sometimes called Vagindra or Vaghintara, was created in 1905 by the Buryat monk Agvan Dorjiev (1854–1938). It was also meant to reduce ambiguity, and to support the Russian language in addition to Mongolian. The most significant change, however, was the elimination of the positional shape variations. All letters were based on the medial variant of the original Mongol alphabet. Fewer than a dozen books were printed using it.^{[citation needed]}

Evenki alphabet

The Qing dynasty Qianlong Emperor erroneously identified the Khitan people and their language with the Solons, leading him to use the Solon language (Evenki) to "correct" Chinese character transcriptions of Khitan names in the History of Liao in his "Imperial Liao Jin Yuan Three Histories National Language Explanation" (欽定遼金元三史國語解/钦定辽金元三史国语解 Qīndìng Liáo Jīn Yuán Sānshǐ Guóyǔjiě) project. The Evenki words were written in the Manchu script in this work.

In the 1980s, an experimental alphabet for Evenki was created.

Additional characters

Galik characters

In 1587, the translator and scholar Ayuush Güüsh (Аюуш гүүш) created the Galik alphabet (Али-гали), inspired by the third Dalai Lama, Sonam Gyatso. It primarily added extra characters for transcribing Tibetan and Sanskrit terms when translating religious texts, and later also from Chinese. Some of those characters are still in use today for writing foreign names (compare table above).^[44]

Unicode

Mongolian script was added to the Unicode Standard in September 1999 with the release of version 3.0.

Blocks

The Unicode block for Mongolian is U+1800–U+18AF. It includes letters, digits and various punctuation marks for Hudum Mongolian, Todo Mongolian, Xibe (Manchu), Manchu proper, and Ali Gali, as well as extensions for transcribing Sanskrit and Tibetan.

Mongolian[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F

U+180x

᠀

᠁

᠂

᠃

᠄

᠅

᠆

᠇

᠈

᠉

᠊

FV  S1

FV  S2

FV  S3

MV  S

U+181x

᠐

᠑

᠒

᠓

᠔

᠕

᠖

᠗

᠘

᠙

U+182x

ᠠ

ᠡ

ᠢ

ᠣ

ᠤ

ᠥ

ᠦ

ᠧ

ᠨ

ᠩ

ᠪ

ᠫ

ᠬ

ᠭ

ᠮ

ᠯ

U+183x

ᠰ

ᠱ

ᠲ

ᠳ

ᠴ

ᠵ

ᠶ

ᠷ

ᠸ

ᠹ

ᠺ

ᠻ

ᠼ

ᠽ

ᠾ

ᠿ

U+184x

ᡀ

ᡁ

ᡂ

ᡃ

ᡄ

ᡅ

ᡆ

ᡇ

ᡈ

ᡉ

ᡊ

ᡋ

ᡌ

ᡍ

ᡎ

ᡏ

U+185x

ᡐ

ᡑ

ᡒ

ᡓ

ᡔ

ᡕ

ᡖ

ᡗ

ᡘ

ᡙ

ᡚ

ᡛ

ᡜ

ᡝ

ᡞ

ᡟ

U+186x

ᡠ

ᡡ

ᡢ

ᡣ

ᡤ

ᡥ

ᡦ

ᡧ

ᡨ

ᡩ

ᡪ

ᡫ

ᡬ

ᡭ

ᡮ

ᡯ

U+187x

ᡰ

ᡱ

ᡲ

ᡳ

ᡴ

ᡵ

ᡶ

ᡷ

ᡸ

U+188x

ᢀ

ᢁ

ᢂ

ᢃ

ᢄ

ᢅ

ᢆ

ᢇ

ᢈ

ᢉ

ᢊ

ᢋ

ᢌ

ᢍ

ᢎ

ᢏ

U+189x

ᢐ

ᢑ

ᢒ

ᢓ

ᢔ

ᢕ

ᢖ

ᢗ

ᢘ

ᢙ

ᢚ

ᢛ

ᢜ

ᢝ

ᢞ

ᢟ

U+18Ax

ᢠ

ᢡ

ᢢ

ᢣ

ᢤ

ᢥ

ᢦ

ᢧ

ᢨ

ᢩ

ᢪ

Notes 1.^ As of Unicode version 12.0 2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

The Mongolian Supplement block (U+11660–U+1167F) was added to the Unicode Standard in June, 2016 with the release of version 9.0:

Mongolian Supplement[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F

U+1166x

𑙠

𑙡

𑙢

𑙣

𑙤

𑙥

𑙦

𑙧

𑙨

𑙩

𑙪

𑙫

𑙬

U+1167x

Notes 1.^ As of Unicode version 12.0 2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

Font issues

Although the Mongolian script has been defined in Unicode since 1999, there was no native support for Unicode Mongolian from the major vendors until the release of the Windows Vista operating system in 2007 and fonts need to be installed in Windows XP and Windows 2000 to show properly, and so Unicode Mongolian is not yet widely used. In China, legacy encodings such as the Private Use Areas (PUA) Unicode mappings and GB18030 mappings of the Menksoft IMEs (espc. Menksoft Mongolian IME) are more commonly used than Unicode for writing web pages and electronic documents in Mongolian.

The inclusion of a Unicode Mongolian font and keyboard layout in Windows Vista has meant that Unicode Mongolian is now gradually becoming more popular,^{[citation needed]} but the complexity of the Unicode Mongolian encoding model and the lack of a clear definition for the use variation selectors are still barriers to its widespread adoption, as is the lack of support for inline vertical display. As of 2015 there are no fonts that successfully display all of Mongolian correctly when written in Unicode. A report published in 2011 revealed many shortcomings with automatic rendering in all three Unicode Mongolian fonts the authors surveyed, including Microsoft's Mongolian Baiti.^[45]

Furthermore, Mongolian language support has suffered from buggy implementations: the initial version of Microsoft's Mongolian Baiti font (version 5.00) was, in the supplier's own words, "almost unusable",^[46] and as of 2011 there remain some minor bugs with the rendering of suffixes in Firefox.^[47] Other fonts, such as Monotype's Mongol Usug and Myatav Erdenechimeg's MongolianScript, suffer even more serious bugs.^[45]

In January 2013, Menksoft released several OpenType Mongolian fonts, delivered with its Menksoft Mongolian IME 2012. These fonts strictly follow Unicode standard, i.e. bichig is no longer realized as "B+I+CH+I+G+FVS2" (incorrect) but "B+I+CH+I+G" (correct), which is not done by Microsoft and Founder's Mongolian Baiti, Monotype's Mongol Usug, or Myatav Erdenechimeg's MongolianScript.^[48] However, due to the impact of Mongolian Baiti, many still use the Microsoft defined incorrect realization "B+I+CH+I+G+FVS2", which results in an incorrect rendering in correctly-designed fonts like Menk Qagan Tig.

Mongolian script can be represented in LaTeX with the MonTeX package.^[49]

Sometimes even if a font is installed the script may display as horizontal rather than vertical depending on the operating system or font.

Sample

In text sample below, the appearance of the scripts should match. The more specific shapes include the final shapes on lines 1 (yin suffix), 3 (separated a), and 4/6 (vowel harmony dependent g) in the middle column, and the interrogative particle uu/üü in the rightmost column. Note that in some browsers, letters are rotated 90° counterclockwise. If the isolate letter a (ᠠ) resembles a 'W' and not a 'Σ', rotate the letters 90° clockwise.

Reference text
Browser-rendered text	ᠴᠣᠷᠢ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠭᠠᠭᠴᠠ ᠪᠣᠰᠤᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ᠄ ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ	ᠦᠦ

See also

• Mongolian Latin alphabet
• Mongolian writing systems

Notes

References

External links

• CJVlang: Making Sense of the Traditional Mongolian Script
• StudyMongolian: Written forms with audio pronunciation
• The Silver Horde: Mongol Scripts
• Lingua Mongolia: Uighur-script Mongolian Resources
• Omniglot: Mongolian Alphabet (note: contains several table inaccuracies regarding glyphs and transliterations)
• Mongol toli dictionary: state dictionary of Mongolia
• Online tool for Mongolian script transliteration
• Automatic converter for Traditional Mongolian and Cyrillic Mongolian by the Computer College of Inner Mongolia University