Help:IPA/Danish
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Danish pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{IPA-da}} and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
This guide follows the way reputable sources transcribe Danish.[1] In some cases, it radically differs from the prototypical values of IPA symbols. For instance, the plosives [b, d, ɡ] differ from [p, t, k] not by voicing (as in French or Russian) but purely by aspiration or affrication and all of them are voiceless (strict IPA: [p, t, k], [pʰ, tˢ, kʰ]), much like the plosives of Icelandic and Standard Chinese. Therefore, words like bog and pol are actually pronounced [ˈpɔwˀ] and [ˈpʰoːˀl], even though they are here transcribed as [ˈbɔwˀ] and [ˈpoːˀl].
See Danish phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of the language.
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References
- ^ The set of symbols used in this guide follows most closely the one used by Den Danske Ordbog, but it is also close to how Grønnum (2005) transcribes Danish.
- ^ a b [tɕ] is phonemically /tj/, and [ɕ] is phonemically /sj/.
- ^ a b c Diphthongs with an underlying long vowel always have stød, but the ones with an underlying short vowel do not. [ej, ɛj, æj, øj, æw, ow, ɔw] all have an underlying long vowel and so always have stød. Conversely, [ɑj, ʌj, uj, ɑw, ɒw] have an underlying short vowel and so never have stød. The other diphthongs (including all diphthongs ending with [ɐ̯]) appear both with and without stød (Grønnum (2005:294)).
- ^ a b c Both [o] and [ɔ] are allophones of the short /o/. Generally, the former appears in open syllables and the latter in closed ones, but there are exceptions such as flod [ˈfloðˀ] which has [o] instead of the expected [ɔ]. The short /ɔ/ is realized as [ʌ] (Basbøll (2005:50)).
- ^ a b [ɪ] and [ʊ] are assimilatory variants of [jə] and [wə], respectively.
Bibliography
- Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
- Grønnum, Nina (2005), Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, ISBN 87-500-3865-6