1789

1789 (MDCCLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (dominical letter D) of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Monday (dominical letter G) of the Julian calendar, the 1789th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 789th year of the 2nd millennium, the 89th year of the 18th century, and the 10th and last year of the 1780s decade. As of the start of 1789, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1918.

Events

January–June

• January – Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès publishes the pamphlet What Is the Third Estate? (Qu'est-ce que le tiers-état?), influential on the French Revolution.
• January 7 – United States presidential election, 1788–89 and House of Representatives elections are held.
• January 21 – The first American novel, The Power of Sympathy or the Triumph of Nature Founded in Truth, is printed in Boston, Massachusetts. The anonymous author is William Hill Brown.
• January 23 – Georgetown University is founded in Georgetown, Maryland, today part of Washington, D.C., as the first Roman Catholic college in the United States.

February 4: First President of the United States, George Washington, elected.

• February – King Gustav III of Sweden enforces the Union and Security Act, delivering the coup de grace to Sweden's 70-year-old parliamentarian system in favor of absolute monarchy.
• February 4 – George Washington is unanimously elected the first President of the United States by the United States Electoral College.
• March – First version of a graphic description of a slave ship (the Brookes) issued on behalf of the English Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade.^[1][2]
• March 4 – At Federal Hall in New York City, the 1st United States Congress meets and declares the new United States Constitution to be in effect. The bicameral United States Congress replaces the unicameral Congress of the Confederation as the legislature of the federal government of the United States.
• April 1 – At Federal Hall, the United States House of Representatives attains its first quorum and elects congressman Frederick Muhlenberg as the first Speaker of the House.
• April 6 – At Federal Hall, the United States Senate attains its first quorum and elects John Langdon of Pennsylvania as its first President pro tempore. Later that day, the Senate and the House of Representatives meet in joint session for the first time, and the electoral votes of the first U.S. Presidential election are counted. General George Washington is certified as President-elect and John Adams is certified as Vice-President elect.
• April 7 – Selim III (1789–1807) succeeds Abdul Hamid I (1773–1789) as Ottoman Sultan.
• April 21 – John Adams takes office as the first Vice President of the United States and begins presiding over the United States Senate.
• April 28 – Mutiny on the Bounty: Fletcher Christian leads the mutiny on the British Royal Navy ship HMS Bounty against Captain William Bligh in the Pacific Ocean.
• April 30 – George Washington is inaugurated at Federal Hall in New York City, beginning his term as the first President of the United States.
• May 5 – In France, the Estates-General convenes for the first time in 175 years.
• June - The Inconfidência Mineira is the first attempt of Brazilian independence from Portugal.
• June 14 – Survivors of the mutiny on the Bounty, including Captain William Bligh and 18 others, reach Timor after a nearly 4,000-mile (6,400 km) journey in an open boat.

April 28: Mutiny on the Bounty.

• June 17 – In France, representatives of the Third Estate at the Estates-General declare themselves the National Assembly.
• June 20 – Tennis Court Oath is made in Versailles.
• June 23 – Louis XVI of France makes a conciliatory speech urging reforms to a joint session and orders the three estates to meet together.

July–December

• July – An estimated 150,000 of Paris's 600,000 people are without work.
• July 1 – The comic ballet La fille mal gardée choreographed by Jean Dauberval is first presented under the title Le ballet de la paille at the Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux, in Bordeaux, France.
• July 9
  • At Versailles, the National Assembly reconstitutes itself as the National Constituent Assembly and begins preparations for what was to become the French Constitution of 1791.
  • The Theatre War officially ends in Scandinavia.
• July 10 – Alexander Mackenzie reaches Mackenzie River Delta.
• July 11 – Louis XVI of France dismisses popular Chief Minister Jacques Necker.
• July 12 – An angry Parisian crowd, inflamed by a speech from journalist Camille Desmoulins, demonstrates against the King's decision to dismiss Minister Necker.
• July 13 – The people begin to seize arms for the defense of Paris.
• July 14 – The French Revolution (1789–1799) begins with the Storming of the Bastille: Citizens of Paris storm the fortress of the Bastille and free the only seven prisoners held. In rural areas, peasants attack manors of the nobility.

July 14: Storming of the Bastille

• July 27 – The first agency of the Federal government of the United States under the new Constitution, the Department of Foreign Affairs (from September 15 renamed the Department of State), is established.
• August 4 – In France, members of the Constituent Assembly take an oath to end feudalism and abandon their privileges.
• August 7 – The United States Department of War is established.^[3]
• August 18 – The Liège Revolution breaks out in the Prince-Bishopric of Liège.
• August 21 – A proposal for a Bill of Rights is adopted by the United States House of Representatives.^[4][5]
• August 26 – The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen is proclaimed in France by the Constituent Assembly.
• August 28 – William Herschel discovers Enceladus, one of Saturn's moons.
• September 2 – The United States Department of the Treasury is founded.
• September 22 – Russo-Turkish War (1787–92) – Battle of Rymnik: Alexander Suvorov roundly defeats 100,000 Turks.
• September 24 – The Judiciary Act of 1789 establishes the federal judiciary and the United States Marshals Service.^[6]
• September 25 – The United States Congress proposes a set of 12 amendments for ratification by the states. Ratification for 10 of these proposals is completed on December 5, 1791, creating the United States Bill of Rights.
• September 29 – The U.S. Department of War establishes the nation's first regular army, with a strength of several hundred men.
• October 5 – Women's March on Versailles: Some 7,000 women march 12 miles (19 km) from Paris to the royal Palace of Versailles to demand action over high bread prices.
• October 10 – Physician Joseph-Ignace Guillotin proposes to the French National Assembly the adoption of more humane and egalitarian forms of capital punishment, including use of the guillotine.
• October 24 – Brabant revolutionaries cross the border from the Dutch Republic into the Austrian Netherlands as the first act of the Brabant Revolution; first public reading of the Manifesto of the People of Brabant declaring the independence of the Austrian Netherlands.
• October 27 – Austrian army beaten by Brabant revolutionaries at the Battle of Turnhout
• November 6 – Pope Pius VI creates the first diocese in the United States at Baltimore, and appoints John Carroll the first Roman Catholic bishop in the United States.
• November 20 – New Jersey ratifies the United States Bill of Rights, the first state to do so.
• November 21 – North Carolina ratifies the United States Constitution and becomes the 12th U.S. state.
• November 26 – A national Thanksgiving Day is observed in the United States as recommended by President George Washington and approved by Congress.
• December 11 – The University of North Carolina, the oldest public university in the United States, is founded.
• December 23 – A leaflet circulated in France accuses marquis de Favras of plotting to rescue the royal family.

Date unknown

• Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, decrees that all peasant labor obligations be converted into cash payments.
• Traité Élémentaire de Chimie (Elementary Treatise of Chemistry), an influential chemistry textbook by Antoine Lavoisier, is published; translated into English in 1790, it comes to be considered the first modern chemical textbook.
• German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth discovers the element uranium while studying the mineral pitchblende.
• The Bengal Presidency first establishes a penal colony in the Andaman Islands.
• Thomas Jefferson returns from Europe, bringing the first macaroni machine to the United States.
• Influenced by Dr. Benjamin Rush's argument against the excessive use of alcohol, about 200 farmers in a Connecticut community form a temperance movement in the United States.
• Fort Washington (Cincinnati, Ohio), is built to protect early U.S. settlements in the Northwest Territory.
• Former slave Olaudah Equiano's autobiography The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, one of the earliest published works by a black writer, is published in London.^[7]

Births

Brigadier General René Edward De Russy

Georg Ohm

• January 3 – Carl Gustav Carus, German physiologist (d. 1869)
• January 4 – Benjamin Lundy, American abolitionist (d. 1839)
• January 12 – Ettore Perrone di San Martino, prime minister of Sardinia (d. 1849)
• January 21 – William Machin Stairs, Canadian businessman and statesman (d. 1865)
• February 22 – René Edward De Russy, Brigadier General of the United States Army, Superintendent of the United States Military Academy, and military engineer (d. 1865)
• March 16 – Georg Ohm, German physicist (d. 1854)
• May 1 – George Fife Angas, Founder of South Australia (d. 1879)
• July 19 – John Martin, English painter (d. 1854)
• August 6 – Friedrich List, German journalist (d. 1846)
• August 21 – Augustin-Louis Cauchy, French mathematician (d. 1857)
• August 28 – Stéphanie de Beauharnais, Grand Duchess of Baden (d. 1860)
• September 15 – James Fenimore Cooper, American writer (d. 1851)
• September 28 – Richard Bright (physician), English physician; "Father of Nephrology" (d. 1858)
• October 8 – William John Swainson an English naturalist and artist (d. 1855)
• November 5 – William Bland, Australian politician (d. 1868)
• December 15 – Edward B. Dudley, North Carolina governor (d. 1855)
• December 25 – Elizabeth Jesser Reid, English social reformer, founder of Bedford College (d. 1866)
• December 28 – Catharine Sedgwick, American writer (d. 1867)

Date unknown

• Mohammad Ibrahim Zauq, Urdu poet (d. 1854)

Deaths

• January 1 – Fletcher Norton, 1st Baron Grantley, English politician (b. 1716)
• January 4 – Thomas Nelson Jr., American signer of the Declaration of Independence and Governor of Virginia (1781), (b. 1738)
• January 8 – Jack Broughton, English boxer (b. 1703)
• January 10 – James Mitchell Varnum, American brigadier general of the Revolutionary War and Continental Congressman for Rhode Island (b. 1748)
• January 13 – Joseph Spencer, American major general of the Revolutionary War and Continental Congressman for Connecticut (b. 1714)
• January 23 – Frances Brooke, English writer (b. 1724)
• January 25 – James Randolph Reid, American Continental Congressman for Connecticut (b. 1750)
• February 12 – Ethan Allen, American major general of the Revolutionary War and Vermont statesman (b. 1738)
• February 19 – Nicholas Van Dyke, American lawyer and President of Delaware (b. 1738)
• April 7
  • Abdul Hamid I, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1725)
  • Petrus Camper, Dutch anatomist (b. 1722)
• April 13 – Joseph Spencer, American colonel of the Revolutionary War and Continental Congressman for New Hampshire (b. 1739)
• April 26 – Count Petr Ivanovich Panin, Russian soldier (b. 1721)
• May 9 – Jean-Baptiste Vaquette de Gribeauval, French artillery specialist (b. 1715)
• May 25 – Anders Dahl, Swedish botanist (b. 1751)
• June 4 – Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France, son of Louis XVI of France (tuberculosis) (b. 1781)
• July 13 – Victor de Riqueti, marquis de Mirabeau, French economist (b. 1715)
• July 14 – Jacques de Flesselles, French provost (assassinated) (b. 1721)
• July 15 – Jacques Duphly, French composer (b. 1715)
• July 21 – Joseph Spencer, American Continental Congressman for Maryland (c. 1750)
• July 22 – Joseph Foullon de Doué, French politician (executed) (b. 1715)
• July 30 – Giovanna Bonanno, Italian poisoner and alleged witch
• September 4 – Paul Spooner, American lieutenant governor of Vermont (1782–1787) (b. 1746)
• September 23
  • John Rogers, American Continental Congressman for Maryland (b. 1723)
  • Silas Deane, American Continental Congressman for Connecticut (b. 1737)
• October 27 – John Cook, American farmer and President of Delaware (b. 1730)
• November 10 – Richard Caswell, American major general of the Revolutionary War, Continental Congressman and Governor of North Carolina (1776–80, 1785–87) (b. 1729)
• November 17 – Samuel Holden Parsons, American major general of the Revolutionary War and member of the Connecticut House of Representatives (b. 1737)
• December 3 – Claude Joseph Vernet, French painter (b. 1714)
• December 10 – William Pierce, American member of the Georgia House of Representatives and Continental Congressman for Georgia (c. 1753)
• December 12 – John Ponsonby, Irish politician (b. 1713)
• December 23 – Charles-Michel de l'Épée, French philanthropist and developer of signed French (b. 1712)

References

Further reading

• John Blair; J. Willoughby Rosse (1856). "1789". Blair's Chronological Tables. London: H.G. Bohn – via Hathi Trust. 
• Louis Heilprin (1885). "Chronological Table of Universal History". Historical Reference Book. New York: D. Appleton and Company – via Hathi Trust. 1789