Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment: Difference between revisions

The anti-Azerbaijani sentiment in Armenia has been mainly rooted in the unresolved territorial conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh. According to a 2012 opinion poll, 63% of Armenians perceive Azerbaijan as "the biggest enemy of Armenia" while 94% of Azerbaijanis consider Armenia to be "the biggest enemy of Azerbaijan."^[1]

Early period

In the early 20th century the Transcaucasian Armenians began to equate the Azerbaijani people with the perpetrators of anti-Armenian policies such as the Armenian Genocide in the Ottoman Empire.^[2]

Soon afterwards a wave of anti-Azerbaijani massacres in both Azerbaijan and Armenia started in 1918 and continued until 1920. First in March 1918, a massacre of the Azerbaijanis in Baku took place. An estimated of 3,000 to 10,000 Azerbaijanis were killed by ultranationalist Dashnak Armenians, orchestrated by the Bolshevist Stepan Shahumyan. The massacre was later called the March Days.

During the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict

After the Nagorno-Karabakh War anti-Azerbaijani sentiment grew in Armenia, leading to harassment of Azerbaijanis there.^[3] In the beginning of 1988 the first refugee waves from Armenia reached Baku. In 1988, Azerbaijanis and Kurds (around 167,000 people) were expelled from the Armenian SSR.^[4] Following the Karabakh movement, initial violence erupted in the form of the murder of both Armenians and Azerbaijanis and border skirmishes.^[5]

On June 7, 1988 Azerbaijanis were evicted from the town of Masis near the Armenian–Turkish border, and on June 20 five Azerbaijani villages were cleansed in the Ararat Province.^[6] Henrik Pogosian was ultimately forced to retire, blamed for letting nationalism develop freely.^[6] Although purges of the Armenian and Azerbaijani party structures were made against those who had fanned or not sought to prevent ethnic strife, as a whole, the measures taken are believed to be meager.^[6]

The year 1993 was marked by the highest wave of the Azerbaijani internally displaced persons, when the Karabakh Armenian forces occupied territories beyond the Nagorno-Karabakh borders.^[7] The Karabakhi Armenians ultimately succeeded in removing Azerbaijanis from Nagorno-Karabakh.

After Nagorno-Karabakh War

On January 16, 2003 Robert Kocharian said that Azerbaijanis and Armenians were "ethnically incompatible"^[8] and it was impossible for the Armenian population of Karabakh to live within an Azerbaijani state.^[9] Speaking on 30 January in Strasbourg, Council of Europe Secretary-General Walter Schwimmer said Kocharian's comment was tantamount to warmongering. Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe President Peter Schieder said he hopes Kocharian's remark was incorrectly translated, adding that "since its creation, the Council of Europe has never heard the phrase "ethnic incompatibility"".^[9]

In 2010 an initiative to hold a festival of Azerbaijani films in Yerevan was blocked due to popular opposition. Similarly, in 2012 a festival of Azerbaijani short films, organized by the Armenia-based Caucasus Center for Peace-Making Initiatives and supported by the U.S. and British embassies, which was scheduled to open on April 12, was canceled in Gyumri after protesters blocked the festival venue.^[10]^[11]

Destruction of mosque in Armenia

In 1990 a mosque in Yerevan was pulled down with a bulldozer.^[12]^[13] The Blue Mosque is the only one that remains in present day Yerevan.

In the opinion of Thomas de Waal, the destruction of a mosque in Armenia was facilitated by a linguistic sleight of hand, as the name “Azeri” or “Azerbaijani” was not in common usage before the twentieth century, and these people were referred to as “Tartars”, “Turks” or simply “Muslims”. Azerbaijanis are being written out of the history of Armenia, and Armenians refer to Muslim monuments as "Persian", even though the worshippers in a mosque built in 1760 would have been Turkic-speaking Shiite subjects of Safavid dynasty, i.e. the ancestors of Azerbaijanis.^[14]

References

^ "The South Caucasus Between The EU And The Eurasian Union" (PDF). Caucasus Analytical Digest #51-52. Forschungsstelle Osteuropa, Bremen and Center for Security Studies, Zürich. 17 June 2013. p. 21. ISSN 1867-9323. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
^ Croissant, Michael (1998). The Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict: Causes and Implications. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 8. ISBN 0275962415.
^ Cornell, Svante (2010). Azerbaijan Since Independence. M.E. Sharpe. p. 48. ISBN 0765630036.
^ Barrington, p. 230
^ Barrington, Lowell (2006). After Independence: Making and Protecting the Nation in Postcolonial & Postcommunist States. University of Michigan Press. p. 231. ISBN 0472068989.
^ ^a ^b ^c Svante E. Cornell (1999). "The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict" (PDF). Silkroadstudies. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
^ Geukjian, Ohannes (2012). Ethnicity, Nationalism and Conflict in the South Caucasus: Nagorno-Karabakh and the Legacy of Soviet Nationalities Policy. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 199. ISBN 1409436306.
^ Rferl.org: Nagorno-Karabakh: Timeline Of The Long Road To Peace
^ ^a ^b "Newsline". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. February 3, 2003. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
^ "Azerbaijani Film Festival Canceled In Armenia After Protests". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. April 13, 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
^ Soghoyan, Yeranuhi (April 11, 2012). "Gyumri Mayor Permits Anti-Azerbaijani Film Protest; Bans Local Environmentalists". Hetq online. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
^ Robert Cullen, A Reporter at Large, “Roots,” The New Yorker, April 15, 1991, p. 55
^ Thomas De Waal. Black garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through peace and war. NYU Press, 2003. ISBN 0-8147-1945-7, ISBN 978-0-8147-1945-9, p. 79.
^ de Waal, Thomas (2003). Black garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through peace and war. New York University Press. p. 80. That the Armenians could erase an Azerbaijani mosque inside their capital city was made easier by a linguistic sleight of hand: the Azerbaijanis of Armenia can be more easily written out of history because the name "Azeri" or "Azerbaijani" was not in common usage before the twentieth century. In the premodern era these people were generally referred to as "Tartars", "Turks" or simply "Muslims". Yet they were neither Persians nor Turks; they were Turkic-speaking Shiite subjects of Safavid dynasty of the Iranian Empire – in other words, the ancestors of people, whom we would now call "Azerbaijanis". So when the Armenians refer to the "Persian mosque" in Yerevan, the name obscures the fact that most of the worshippers there, when it was built in the 1760s, would have been, in effect, Azerbaijanis.

External links

Armenian-Azeri Mutual Perceptions Project

[1] "The South Caucasus Between The EU And The Eurasian Union" (PDF). Caucasus Analytical Digest #51-52. Forschungsstelle Osteuropa, Bremen and Center for Security Studies, Zürich. 17 June 2013. p. 21. ISSN 1867-9323. Retrieved 3 July 2013.

[Croissant-2] Croissant, Michael (1998). The Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict: Causes and Implications. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 8. ISBN 0275962415.

[Cornell-3] Cornell, Svante (2010). Azerbaijan Since Independence. M.E. Sharpe. p. 48. ISBN 0765630036.

[4] Barrington, p. 230

[Barrington-5] Barrington, Lowell (2006). After Independence: Making and Protecting the Nation in Postcolonial & Postcommunist States. University of Michigan Press. p. 231. ISBN 0472068989.

[svante-6] Svante E. Cornell (1999). "The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict" (PDF). Silkroadstudies. Retrieved 28 January 2013.

[7] Geukjian, Ohannes (2012). Ethnicity, Nationalism and Conflict in the South Caucasus: Nagorno-Karabakh and the Legacy of Soviet Nationalities Policy. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 199. ISBN 1409436306.

[8] Rferl.org: Nagorno-Karabakh: Timeline Of The Long Road To Peace

[rferl2-9] "Newsline". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. February 3, 2003. Retrieved 31 January 2013.

[rferl-10] "Azerbaijani Film Festival Canceled In Armenia After Protests". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. April 13, 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2013.

[11] Soghoyan, Yeranuhi (April 11, 2012). "Gyumri Mayor Permits Anti-Azerbaijani Film Protest; Bans Local Environmentalists". Hetq online. Retrieved 15 February 2013.

[12] Robert Cullen, A Reporter at Large, “Roots,” The New Yorker, April 15, 1991, p. 55

[13] Thomas De Waal. Black garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through peace and war. NYU Press, 2003. ISBN 0-8147-1945-7, ISBN 978-0-8147-1945-9, p. 79.

[dewaal-14] Waal, Thomas (2003). Black garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through peace and war. New York University Press. p. 80. That the Armenians could erase an Azerbaijani mosque inside their capital city was made easier by a linguistic sleight of hand: the Azerbaijanis of Armenia can be more easily written out of history because the name "Azeri" or "Azerbaijani" was not in common usage before the twentieth century. In the premodern era these people were generally referred to as "Tartars", "Turks" or simply "Muslims". Yet they were neither Persians nor Turks; they were Turkic-speaking Shiite subjects of Safavid dynasty of the Iranian Empire – in other words, the ancestors of people, whom we would now call "Azerbaijanis". So when the Armenians refer to the "Persian mosque" in Yerevan, the name obscures the fact that most of the worshippers there, when it was built in the 1760s, would have been, in effect, Azerbaijanis.

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-The '''anti-Azerbaijani sentiment in Armenia''' has been mainly rooted in the unresolved territorial conflict over [[Nagorno-Karabakh]]. In the absence of a satisfying solution [[Armenian nationalism]] was radicalized and anti-[[Azerbaijan]]i feelings were further entrenched.<ref name="Barrington">{{cite book | last = Barrington| first = Lowell| title =After Independence: Making and Protecting the Nation in Postcolonial & Postcommunist States| publisher = University of Michigan Press| year = 2006| page = 231| isbn =0472068989}}</ref> Manipulative government policies that pit one group against the other for political gain have been invoked to explain the origin of the conflict. Specifically, it has been argued that both [[Russian Tsar]]ist and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] administration manipulated the people in the region to fortify central control and that subsequent [[perestroyka]] inherited this.<ref>{{cite book |title =Playing the "Communal Card": Communal Violence and Human Rights| publisher =Human Rights Watch| year =1995 | page = 153| isbn =1564321525}}</ref> According to a 2012 opinion poll, 63% of Armenians perceive Azerbaijan as "the biggest enemy of Armenia" while 94% of Azerbaijanis consider Armenia to be "the biggest enemy of Azerbaijan."<ref>{{cite web|title=The South Caucasus Between The EU And The Eurasian Union|url=http://www.css.ethz.ch/publications/pdfs/CAD-51-52.pdf|work=Caucasus Analytical Digest #51-52|publisher=Forschungsstelle Osteuropa, Bremen and Center for Security Studies, Zürich|accessdate=3 July 2013|page=21|date=17 June 2013|ISSN=1867-9323}}</ref>
+The '''anti-Azerbaijani sentiment in Armenia''' has been mainly rooted in the unresolved territorial conflict over [[Nagorno-Karabakh]]. According to a 2012 opinion poll, 63% of Armenians perceive Azerbaijan as "the biggest enemy of Armenia" while 94% of Azerbaijanis consider Armenia to be "the biggest enemy of Azerbaijan."<ref>{{cite web|title=The South Caucasus Between The EU And The Eurasian Union|url=http://www.css.ethz.ch/publications/pdfs/CAD-51-52.pdf|work=Caucasus Analytical Digest #51-52|publisher=Forschungsstelle Osteuropa, Bremen and Center for Security Studies, Zürich|accessdate=3 July 2013|page=21|date=17 June 2013|ISSN=1867-9323}}</ref>
 == Early period ==
-{{further|Armenian–Tatar massacres of 1905–1907|March Days|Armenian–Azerbaijani War}}
+{{further|Armenian–Azerbaijani War}}
+In the early 20th century the [[Transcaucasia]]n Armenians began to equate the Azerbaijani people with the perpetrators of anti-Armenian policies such as the [[Armenian Genocide]] in the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref name="Croissant">{{cite book | last = Croissant| first = Michael| title =The Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict: Causes and Implications| publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group| year = 1998| page = 8| isbn =0275962415}}</ref>
-[[File:Shahumyan.jpg|thumb|upright|Ethnic Armenian Bolshevist [[Stepan Shahumyan]] was the architect behind the [[March Days]], which left between 3,000 to 10,000 people dead.]]
-In the early 20th century the [[Transcaucasia]]n Armenians began to equate the Azerbaijani people with the perpetrators of anti-Armenian policies in the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref name="Croissant">{{cite book | last = Croissant| first = Michael| title =The Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict: Causes and Implications| publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group| year = 1998| page = 8| isbn =0275962415}}</ref> In August, 1905 an Armenian nationalist manifesto, which called for the expulsion of [[Turkic people]] from "the holy place of Armenia", contributed to violence, that left several hundreds of Azerbaijanis dead in [[Shusha]].<ref>{{cite book |last= Eichensehr|first=Kristen|author2=William Michael Reisman|title =Stopping Wars and Making Peace: Studies in International Intervention| publisher =Martinus Nijhoff Publishers| year =2009 | page = 46| isbn =9004178554}}</ref> According to [[Thomas de Waal]] in Shusha, "the number of killed and wounded amounted to about 300, of whom about two thirds were Azerbaijanis.<ref>{{cite book|last=de Waal|first=Thomas|title=[[Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War]]|year=2003|publisher=New York University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8147-1945-9|authorlink=Thomas de Waal|p=190}}</ref>
-[[File:Azerbaijani victims in Baku with consul from Iran.jpg|thumb|Iranian consul M.S. Vezare-Maragai near the victims of the March Days.]]
 Soon afterwards a [[List of anti-Azerbaijani massacres|wave of anti-Azerbaijani massacres]] in both Azerbaijan and Armenia started in 1918 and continued until 1920. First in March 1918, a massacre of the Azerbaijanis in Baku took place. An estimated of 3,000 to 10,000 Azerbaijanis were killed by ultranationalist [[Dashnak]] Armenians, orchestrated by the Bolshevist [[Stepan Shahumyan]]. The massacre was later called the March Days.
-[[File:Guba Mass Grave bones.jpg|thumb|Humans bones and skulls in [[Guba mass grave]].]]
-In the same year a massacre was committed in the city of [[Quba|Guba]]. Roughly 3,000 people in the city of Guba and 16,000 people in the district were killed and buried in [[mass grave]]s. The victims including Jews, [[Lezgian people|Lezgis]], [[Avar people (Caucasus)|Avars]], and more.<ref>[http://www.visions.az/topical,138/ Mass Grave Found in Northern Azerbaijan] by Rovshan Didavari (ed.) Page 37</ref> According to Azerbaijani sources the massacre was carried out by Armenian Dashnak and Russian Bolshevik forces.
-According to professor [[Firuz Kazemzadeh]], "it is impossible to pin the blame for the massacres on either side. It seems that in some cases (Baku, Elizavetpol) the Azerbaijanis fired the first shots, in other cases ([[Shusha]], [[Tiflis]]) the Armenians."<ref name="Kazemzadeh">Firuz Kazemzadeh. ''Struggle For Transcaucasia (1917—1921)'', New York Philosophical Library, 1951</ref>
 == During the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict ==
+{{further|Nagorno-Karabakh War}}
-After the event in Chardagly anti-Azerbaijani sentiment grew rapidly in Armenia, leading to systematic harassment of Azerbaijanis there.<ref name="Cornell">{{cite book | last = Cornell| first =Svante| title =Azerbaijan Since Independence| publisher = M.E. Sharpe| year = 2010| page = 48| isbn =0765630036}}</ref> In the beginning  of 1988 the first refugee waves from Armenia reached [[Baku]]. In 1988, Azerbaijanis and [[Kurds]] (around 167,000 people) were expelled from the [[Armenian SSR]].<ref>Barrington, p. 230</ref> Thе nаtiоnаlist movement in Аrmеniа in the absence of а favorable solution became radicalized, and anti-Azerbaijani feelings were furthеr entrenched. Initial violence erupted in the form of the murder of Azerbaijanis in Armenia and border skirmishes.<ref name="Barrington"/>
+After the [[Nagorno-Karabakh War]] anti-Azerbaijani sentiment grew in Armenia, leading to harassment of Azerbaijanis there.<ref name="Cornell">{{cite book | last = Cornell| first =Svante| title =Azerbaijan Since Independence| publisher = M.E. Sharpe| year = 2010| page = 48| isbn =0765630036}}</ref> In the beginning of 1988 the first refugee waves from Armenia reached [[Baku]]. In 1988, Azerbaijanis and [[Kurds]] (around 167,000 people) were expelled from the [[Armenian SSR]].<ref>Barrington, p. 230</ref> Following the [[Karabakh movement]], initial violence erupted in the form of the murder of both Armenians and Azerbaijanis and border skirmishes.<ref name="Barrington">{{cite book | last = Barrington| first = Lowell| title =After Independence: Making and Protecting the Nation in Postcolonial & Postcommunist States| publisher = University of Michigan Press| year = 2006| page = 231| isbn =0472068989}}</ref>
+On June 7, 1988 Azerbaijanis were evicted from the town of [[Masis, Armenia|Masis]] near the Armenian–Turkish border, and on June 20 five Azerbaijani villages were cleansed in the [[Ararat Province]].<ref name="svante">{{cite web | url =http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/inside/publications/1999_NK_Book.pdf| title =The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict |publisher =Silkroadstudies| author=Svante E. Cornell |year=1999|accessdate = 28 January 2013}}</ref> Henrik Pogosian was ultimately forced to retire, blamed for letting nationalism develop freely.<ref name="svante"/> Although purges of the Armenian and Azerbaijani party structures were made against those who had fanned or not sought to prevent ethnic strife, as a whole, the measures taken are believed to be meager.<ref name="svante"/>
-{{further|Askeran clash|Nagorno-Karabakh War|Khojaly Massacre}}
-Following massive Armenian demonstrations in Nagorno-Karabakh on February 12, 1988 Azerbaijanis were expelled from [[Stepanakert]]. In that year Azerbaijanis were reportedly prevented from working in Stepanakert enterprises and were refused to buy bread or using the public transport.<ref>{{cite book |title =Record of proceedings| publisher = International Labour Organization| year = 1993| page = 19/17| isbn =9221079767}}</ref> On June 7, 1988 Azerbaijanis were evicted from the town of [[Masis, Armenia|Masis]] near the Armenian–Turkish border, and on June 20 five Azerbaijani villages were cleansed in the [[Ararat Province]].<ref name="svante">{{cite web | url =http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/inside/publications/1999_NK_Book.pdf| title =The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict |publisher =Silkroadstudies| author=Svante E. Cornell |year=1999|accessdate = 28 January 2013}}</ref> Henrik Pogosian was ultimately forced to retire, blamed for letting nationalism develop freely.<ref name="svante"/> Although purges of the Armenian and Azerbaijani party structures were made against those who had fanned or not sought to prevent ethnic strife, as a whole, the measures taken are believed to be meager.<ref name="svante"/> In the emerging conflict reports surfaced that there had been acts of sabotage in [[Baku]] perpetrated by the [[Beirut]]-based [[Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia]] (ASALA).<ref name="svante"/>
 The year 1993 was marked by the highest wave of the [[Refugees and internally displaced persons in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijani internally displaced persons]], when the Karabakh Armenian forces occupied territories beyond the [[Nagorno-Karabakh]] borders.<ref>{{cite book | last = Geukjian| first =Ohannes| title =Ethnicity, Nationalism and Conflict in the South Caucasus: Nagorno-Karabakh and the Legacy of Soviet Nationalities Policy| publisher = Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.| year = 2012| page = 199| isbn =1409436306}}</ref> The Karabakhi Armenians ultimately succeeded in removing Azerbaijanis from Nagorno-Karabakh.
 == After Nagorno-Karabakh War ==
 On January 16, 2003 Robert Kocharian said that Azerbaijanis and Armenians were "ethnically incompatible"<ref>[http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1065626.html Rferl.org: Nagorno-Karabakh: Timeline Of The Long Road To Peace]</ref> and it was impossible for the Armenian population of Karabakh to live within an Azerbaijani state.<ref name=rferl2>{{cite news|title=Newsline|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1142847.html|accessdate=31 January 2013|newspaper=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|date=February 3, 2003}}</ref> Speaking on 30 January in [[Strasbourg]], Council of Europe Secretary-General [[Walter Schwimmer]] said Kocharian's comment was tantamount to warmongering. Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe President [[Peter Schieder]] said he hopes Kocharian's remark was incorrectly translated, adding that "since its creation, the Council of Europe has never heard the phrase "ethnic incompatibility"".<ref name=rferl2/>
 In 2010 an initiative to hold a festival of Azerbaijani films in [[Yerevan]] was blocked due to popular opposition. Similarly, in 2012 a festival of Azerbaijani short films, organized by the Armenia-based Caucasus Center for Peace-Making Initiatives and supported by the U.S. and British embassies, which was scheduled to open on April 12, was canceled in [[Gyumri]] after protesters blocked the festival venue.<ref name="rferl">{{cite web | url =http://www.rferl.org/content/azerbaijan_armenia_film_festival_canceled_protests/24547207.html| title =Azerbaijani Film Festival Canceled In Armenia After Protests|publisher =[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]| date=April 13, 2012|accessdate = 28 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Soghoyan|first=Yeranuhi|title=Gyumri Mayor Permits Anti-Azerbaijani Film Protest; Bans Local Environmentalists|url=http://hetq.am/eng/news/12948/gyumri-mayor-permits-anti-azerbaijani-film-protest;-bans-local-environmentalists.html|accessdate=15 February 2013|newspaper=Hetq online|date=April 11, 2012}}</ref>
-According to [[Thomas de Waal]], [[Serzh Sargsyan]], long-time Defense Minister and Chairman of Security Council of Armenia and the current [[President of Armenia]], said that “a lot was exaggerated” in the casualties, and the fleeing Azerbaijanis had put up armed resistance.<ref>Thomas De Waal, ''Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through Peace and War'', NYU Press, 2004, ISBN 0-8147-1945-7. Chapter 11. August 1991 – May 1992: War Breaks Out. '''Online''' (In Russian): [http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/russian/in_depth/newsid_4673000/4673953.stm]</ref>  At the same time Sargsyan stated: “Before Khojali, the Azerbaijanis thought that they were joking with us, they thought that the Armenians were people who could not raise their hand against the civilian population. We were able to break that [stereotype]. And that's what happened".<ref name="deWaal">{{cite book |title=Black garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through peace and war |last=de Waal |first=Thomas |authorlink= |year=2004 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location= |page= |pages=172–173 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pletup86PMQC&pg=PA172 |isbn=9780814719459|accessdate=}}</ref>
 == Destruction of mosque in Armenia ==

Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
Background	Nagorno-Karabakh History Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920) Deportation of Azerbaijanis from Armenia Dissolution of the Soviet Union Wars in the Caucasus Karabakh movement Miatsum Armenians in Azerbaijan Armenians in Baku Azerbaijanis in Armenia Anti-Armenian sentiment in Azerbaijan Armenia–Azerbaijan relations
First war (1988–1994)	Çardaqlı clash Askeran clash Sumgait pogrom Gugark pogrom Zvartnots Airport clash Shusha and Stepanakert pogroms Kirovabad pogrom Il-76 crash near Leninakan (1988) Baku pogrom Bağanis Ayrum 1990 Tbilisi–Agdam bus bombing Operation Ring Voskepar massacre Battle of Togh 1991 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown Law on Abolishment of Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast Siege of Stepanakert Operation Dashalty 1992 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown Capture of Gushchular and Malibeyli Capture of Garadaghly Khojaly massacre Maraga massacre Capture of Shusha Capture of Artsvashen Operation Goranboy Mardakert and Martuni Offensives Operation Həsənqaya Battle of Lachin Operation Qazançı 1993 Azerbaijani coup d'état Battle of Kalbajar Battle of Aghdam 1993 Summer Offensives Operation Geghamasar Operation Horadiz Operation Kalbajar 1994 Baku Metro bombings 1994 Iranian Air Force C-130 shootdown 1994 Bagratashen bombing Refugees in Azerbaijan
Interwar clashes	2008 Mardakert clashes January 2009 Agdam military incident September 2009 Agdam military incident 2010 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes 2010 Mardakert clashes 2012 Armenian–Azerbaijani border clashes 2014 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes 2014 Armenian Mil Mi-24 shootdown 2016 Odundağ clashes 2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict 2017 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict Shelling of Alxanlı 2018 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes 2019 clash near Chinari July 2020 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes Incidents Protests in Azerbaijan Reactions
Second war (2020)	Timeline Casualties International reactions Allegations of third-party involvement Madagiz offensive Aras Valley campaign Bombardments (Barda, Ganja, Ghazanchetsots Cathedral, Martuni, Stepanakert, Tartar) Battle of Hadrut Lachin offensive Battle of Shusha Russian Mil Mi-24 shootdown War crimes Treatment of Armenian POWs
Post-ceasefire events	Azerbaijan's construction in gained areas 2020–2021 Armenian protests Chaylaggala and Hin Tagher Border crisis September 2022 escalation Susuzluq Shusha Farukh 2022 Armenian protests Blockade of Nagorno-Karabakh 2023 Azerbaijani offensive Protests in Armenia Flight of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians Berkadzor fuel depot explosion
Main locations	Administrative divisions of the Republic of Artsakh Stepanakert Askeran Province Hadrut Province Kashatagh Province Martakert Province Martuni Province Shahumyan Province Shushi Province Armenian-occupied territories Aghdam District Fuzuli District Jabrayil District Kalbajar District Lachin District Lachin corridor Qubadli District Zangilan District
Political leaders	Armenia Levon Ter-Petrosyan Robert Kocharyan Serzh Sargsyan Nikol Pashinyan Republic of Artsakh Artur Mkrtchyan Robert Kocharyan Leonard Petrosyan Arkadi Ghukasyan Bako Sahakyan Arayik Harutyunyan Samvel Shahramanyan Azerbaijan Ayaz Mutallibov Abulfaz Elchibey Heydar Aliyev Ilham Aliyev Azerbaijani Community of Nagorno-Karabakh Bayram Safarov Nizami Bahmanov Tural Ganjaliyev Russia Mikhail Gorbachev Boris Yeltsin Vladimir Putin Turkey Turgut Özal Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
Military leaders	Armenia Vazgen Sargsyan Gurgen Dalibaltayan Norat Ter-Grigoryants Jirair Sefilian Tiran Khachatryan Seyran Ohanyan Republic of Artsakh Samvel Babayan Kristapor Ivanyan Arkady Ter-Tadevosyan Monte Melkonian Jalal Harutyunyan Mikael Arzumanyan Azerbaijan Isgandar Hamidov Rahim Gaziyev Surat Huseynov Valeh Barshadly Mais Barkhudarov Hikmat Mirzayev Hikmat Hasanov Russia Viktor Polyanichko Pavel Grachev Rustam Muradov Chechen Republic of Ichkeria Shamil Basayev Afghanistan Gulbuddin Hekmatyar
Peace process	Baker rules Bishkek Protocol Tehran Communiqué Zheleznovodsk Communiqué OSCE Minsk Group Prague Process Madrid Principles 2020 ceasefire agreement 2020–2024 monitoring and peacekeeping Russia OSCE EU EUMCAP Oct–Dec 2022 EUPAT Dec 2022–Jan 2023 EUMA Feb 2023–present 2023 ceasefire agreement
International documents	Astrakhan Declaration Nagorno-Karabakh Declaration NATO Lisbon Summit Declaration OIC Resolution 10/11 OIC Resolution 10/37 PACE Resolution 1416 PACE Resolution 2085 UNGA Resolution 48/114 UNGA Resolution 60/285 UNGA Resolution 62/243 UNSC resolutions 822 853 874 884