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Banjarese language

Not to be confused with Banjari language.

A Banjarese speaker.

The Banjar or Banjarese (basa Banjar; jaku Banjar, Jawi: باس بنجر‎) is an Austronesian language of the Malayic branch predominantly spoken by the Banjarese—an indigenous ethnic group native to Banjar regions— in the southeastern Kalimantan of Indonesia. The Banjarese language is the de facto lingua franca for various indigenous community especially in South Kalimantan, as well as Central Kalimantan (notably in Seruyan Regency and Sukamara Regency) and East Kalimantan in general.

Apart from the native Banjarese in Indonesia, the Banjarese language also spoken by little Banjarese diaspora abroad (such as in Brunei, Malaysia (notably in Sabah and Perak), and Singapore); however, they tend to not use it as their primary language, and their fluency degree is questionable.

Dialects

There are at least two divisions of dialects within the Banjarese language:

  1. Banjar Hulu[2][3]
  2. Banjar Kuala[4][5]

According to Cense,[6] the Banjar Hulu dialect are predominantly spoken by Banjarese people in the South Hulu Sungai Regency and North Hulu Sungai Regency regions. Berangas language, a Barito language that is almost extinct in South Kalimantan, also has a close relationship with Banjar Kuala dialect, where it absorbs much of the Banjarese language vocabulary, but lexically it is closer to other Barito languages, especially Bakumpai language.[7]

Phonology

Consonants

The consonantal inventory of Banjarese language is shown below. All but [ʔ] occur at the onset of a syllable:[8]

Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Plosive/
Affricate 		voiceless p t tʃ k (ʔ)
voiced b d dʒ ɡ
Fricative s h
Lateral l
Rhotic r
Approximant w j
  • [ʔ] is an allophone of /k/ at the end of a word.
  • The following consonants can close a CVC syllable: /p t k m n ŋ s h r l/. Words cannot begin with consonant clusters. Within a root, an NC sequence will always be homorganic, though reduplication and a few prefixes such as sing- can produce other sequences, e.g. /ŋb, ŋp, ŋt, ŋr, ŋl, kr, /. Other medial sequences include /kt/, /kn/, /ŋn/, /nɲ/, /st/, /sn/, /hk/, /hj/, /lk/ and /rɡ/.[2]

Vowels

Sudarmo finds five monophthongs:[8]

Front Central Back
Close i u
Mid ɛ (ə) o
Open a

[ə] is an allophone of /ɛ/.

Durasid finds three monophthongs and three diphthongs in Pahuluan Banjarese:[2]

Front Central Back
Close i u
Open a

Regionally, /a/ has an allophone [ə] and /u/ has an allophone [ɔ]. The diphthongs are /ai/, /au/, /ui/. Loans with /e/ or /o/ are assimilated to these three vowels. E.g. kréték is realized as [karitik]. However, since most Banjarese speakers are effectively bilingual, this realization becomes rarer.

Alphabet

The standard alphabet is as follows:[9]

Alphabet
a b c d é g h i j k l m n ny ng o p r s t u w y
Phonetic value
a b tʃ d ɛ ɡ h i dʒ k l m n ɲ ŋ o p r s t u w j

Vocabulary

The vocabulary of the Banjar Hulu dialect is not entirely present in all sub-dialects of the Banjar language. Similarly, it is clear that it will not be found in the Banjar Kuala dialect. Conversely, vocabulary such as unda (I), dongkah (large tear), atung (obedient), and others in the Banjar Kuala dialect will not be found in the Banjar Hulu dialect.

In terms of vocabulary, both in terms of quantity and variation among sub-dialects, the Banjar Hulu dialect appears to have far more variety and complexity. For instance, the sub-dialects like Alabio, Kalua, Amuntai, and others differ significantly in vocabulary, so it is not uncommon for words used in one area to be less common or unfamiliar in another. However, compared to the Banjar Kuala dialect, the sub-dialects of Banjar Hulu are more closely related to each other.

Therefore, in the Banjar–Indonesian Dictionary, the distinction is often made only between Banjar Kuala (BK) and Banjar Hulu (BH). Over time, interactions and integration between the speakers of these two dialects have become increasingly intense.

Banjar Hulu (BH)[10] Banjar Kuala (BK)[11] Indonesian English
baduhara/baistilah bakurinah dengan sengaja intentionally
bibit jumput/ambil ambil take
bungas/langkar mulik/baik rupa cantik beautiful, pretty
caram calap tergenang air waterlogged/flooded
canggar kajung tegang/ereksi/keras tense/erect/hard
ampah mara arah direction/way
banyu hangat banyu panas air panas hot water
hangkui nyaring nyaring loud/shrill
hagan/cagar gasan untuk for/to
gani'i dangani temani accompany
ma-hurup ma-nukar/ba-tukar membeli buy
padu/padangan dapur dapur kitchen
hingkat kawa dapat/bisa can/able
himpat/tawak/tukun/hantup hamput sambit (lempar) throw
arai himung senang happy
tiring lihat memandang look at
tingau lihat toleh glance
balalah bakunjang bepergian traveling
lingir tuang tuang pour
tuti tadih/hintadi tadi just now/earlier
ba-ugah/kitar ba-jauh menjauh move away
macal muul nakal naughty
balai langgar surau small mosque
tutui catuk pukul dengan palu strike with a hammer
kadai warung warung small shop/stall
kau/ikam/pian nyawa kamu you
diaku/ulun unda aku I
di sia di sini di sini here
bat-ku ampun-ku punyaku mine
ba-cakut ba-kalahi berkelahi fight
ba-cakut ba-pingkut berpegangan pada sesuatu hold on to something
diang galuh panggilan anak perempuan term of endearment for a daughter or girl
nini laki kai kakek grandfather
utuh nanang panggilan anak lelaki term of endearment for a son or boy
uma mama ibu mother
puga anyar baru new
salukut bakar bakar burn
kasalukutan/kamandahan kagusangan kebakaran fire
tajua ampih berhenti stop
acil laki amang paman uncle

Differences in Phoneme Pronunciation

Banjar Hulu (BH) Banjar Kuala (BK) Indonesian English
gamat/gimit gémét/gumut pelan slow
miring méréng miring tilted
bingking béngkéng cantik beautiful/pretty
bapandir bapéndér berbicara speak
anggit-ku/ampun-ku anggih-ku punyaku mine
hanyar/puga anyar baru new
hampatung ampatung patung statue
intang pintang sekitar around
ma-harit ma-arit menahan perasaan to hold back feelings
hakun hakon bersedia prepared/ready
halar alar sayap wing
gusil gosél merengek whine
gibik gébék kibar/getar wave/vibrate
gipak gépak senggol nudge
kuda gipang kuda gépang tarian kuda-kudaan flat horse dance
surangan sêronganan sendirian alone
gipih gépéh pipih flat

Registers

The Banjar language also recognizes language registers (similar to unggah-ungguh in Javanese), but only for personal pronouns, which are still used today. In the past, before the abolition of the Banjar Sultanate in 1860, the Banjar language also had a form of refined language known as basa dalam (court language). Basa dalam is now an extinct language, but it is occasionally still used in Banjar regional arts. In the Hikayat Banjar, many personal pronouns like manira (I) and pakanira (you) are used, which are variants of Bagongan language used in the Banten Sultanate. Some borrowed words from Javanese-Serang include terms like Siti-lohor from Siti-Luhur (in Javanese, Siti Hinggil) and kastéla (betik/pepaya).

Banjar language Basa Dalam Indonesian English
rumah dalam istana palace
digalar jumenang digelar/didirikan held/established
bajalan lumampah berjalan walk
duduk linggih duduk sit down
makan dahar makan eat
nginum dahar banyu minum drink
panglihat patingal dalam penglihatan in sight
rambut réma rambut hair
gigi waja gigi tooth
kapala sérah kepala head
tangan asta tangan hand
awak saléra tubuh body
talinga karna telinga ear
parut padaharan perut stomach
di muka di ayunan di muka in front
di balakang pamungkur di belakang behind
paguringan pasarian tempat tidur bed
bantal kajang sirah bantal pillow
sarung sasantang sarung sarong
baju rasukan baju shirt
laung bolang ikat kepala/tanjak/destar headgear
dikiaw dikani dipanggil called
susu pembayun payudara breast
tatawa kamujang tertawa laughing
takarinyum gamuyu tersenyum smiling
guring saré tidur sleep
panyarik bendu amarah anger
basadih hati ba-sugulmanah bersedih hati grieve
minta mamundut meminta to ask for
mamakan ma-anggi memakan to eat
mati séda meninggal die
mandi séram mandi take a bath
jarajak basar tihang tiang pole
mayat lalayon mayat corpse
bapandéran bakaprés bercakap-cakap chatting
mamandang maningali memandang to look at
ba-ucap mangandika berbicara to speak
bahira/bakamih katanya buang air urinate
dendeng salirap dendeng beef jerky
gula jangga gula sugar
teh dunté teh tea
tikar hamparan tikar mat
sumbahyang salat sembahyang prayer (salah)
uma ibu bunda mother
abah rama ayah father

Numbers

The following are some numbers (bilangan/wilangan) in the Banjar language. The numbers in the Banjar language have similarities with the numbers in Old Javanese.

Banjar language English
puang zero
asa one
dua two
talu (talung) three
ampat four
lima five
anam six
pitu (pitung) seven
walu (walung) eight
sanga nine
sapuluh ten
sawalas eleven
pitungwalas seventeen
salikur twenty-one
salawi twenty-five
talungpuluh thirty
anampuluh sixty
walungpuluh eighty
sangangpuluh ninety
saratus one hundred
tangah dua ratus one hundred and fifty
saribu one thousand
sejuta one million

Banjar Malay language

When Banjar people write using Banjar Persuratan or Banjar Malay, for example in the Hikayat Banjar, which was researched and edited by Johannes Jacobus Ras, a Dutchman born in Rotterdam in 1926 for his doctoral dissertation at Leiden University. His promoter was Dr. A. Teeuw.

A passage from the Hikayat Banjar:

Maka dicarinya Raden Samudera itu. Dapatnya, maka dilumpatkannya arah parahu talangkasan. Maka dibarinya jala kacil satu, baras sagantang, kuantan sabuah, dapur sabuah, parang sabuting, pisau sabuting, pangayuh sabuting, bakul sabuah, sanduk sabuting, pinggan sabuah, mangkuk sabuah, baju salambar, salawar salambar, kain salambar, tikar salambar. Kata Aria Taranggana: "Raden Samudera, tuan hamba larikan dari sini karana tuan handak dibunuh hua tuan Pangeran Tumanggung. Tahu-tahu manyanyamarkan diri. Lamun tuan pagi baroleh manjala, mana orang kaya-kaya itu tuan bari, supaya itu kasih. Jangan tuan mangaku priayi, kalau tuan dibunuh orang, katahuan oleh kaum Pangeran Tumanggung. Jaka datang ka bandar Muara Bahan jangan tuan diam di situ, balalu hilir, diam pada orang manyungaian itu: atawa pada orang Sarapat, atawa pada orang Balandean, atawa pada orang Banjarmasih, atawa pada orang Kuwin. Karana itu hampir laut maka tiada pati saba ka sana kaum Pangeran Tumanggung dan Pangeran Mangkubumi, kaum Pangeran Bagalung. Jaka ada tuan dangar ia itu ka sana tuan barsambunyi, kalau tuan katahuannya. Dipadahkannya itu arah Pangeran Tumanggung lamun orang yang hampir-hampir itu malihat tuan itu, karana sagala orang yang hampir itu tahu akan tuan itu. Tuan hamba suruh lari jauh-jauh itu". Maka kata Raden Samudera: "Baiklah, aku manarimakasih sida itu. Kalau aku panjang hayat kubalas jua kasih sida itu." Maka Raden Samudera itu dihanyutkannya di parahu kacil oleh Aria Taranggana itu, sarta air waktu itu baharu bunga baah. Maka Raden Samudera itu bakayuh tarcaluk-caluk. Bahalang-halang barbujur parahu itu, karana balum tahu bakayuh. — J.J. Ras, Hikajat Bandjar: A Study in Malay Historiography.

In this passage from the Hikayat Banjar, several words in the Banjar language that have been Malayized (Banjar Malay) can be found, such as:

Banjar language Banjar Malay Meaning
ba-sambunyi bar-sambunyi to hide
ba-bujur bar-bujur to extend straight
nang yang who/which/that
banyu air water
hanyar baharu new
sidin sida he/she
parak hampir close, near
kada pati datang tiada pasti saba rarely visits

See also

References

  1. ^ Kewarganegaraan, Suku Bangsa, Agama, dan Bahasa Sehari-hari Penduduk Indonesia (Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2010) [Citizenship, Ethnicity, Religion, and Languages of the Indonesian Population (Results of the 2010 Population Census)] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Central Bureau of National Statistics of the Republic of Indonesia, 2010
  2. ^ a b c d Bahasa Banjar Hulu [Pahuluan Banjar Language] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Language Development Center of the Republic of Indonesia. 1978.
  3. ^ a b Kamus Bahasa Banjar Dialek Hulu-Indonesia [Pahuluan Banjarese Dictionary to Indonesian] (in Indonesian). Banjarmasin: Banjarmasin Linguistic Center, Department of National Education of the Republic of Indonesia. 2008. ISBN 978-979-685-776-0.
  4. ^ a b Struktur Bahasa Banjar Kuala [Language Structure of Kuala Banjarese] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Language Development Center of the Republic of Indonesia. 1981.
  5. ^ a b Morfo Sintaksis Bahasa Banjar Kuala [Syntactic Morphology of Kuala Banjarese] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Language Development Center of the Republic of Indonesia. 1986.
  6. ^ A.A.Cee - E.M. Uhienbeck, Critical Survey of Studies on the Language of Borneo, 'S-Gravenhage-Martinus Nijhoff. 1958, hal. 9.
  7. ^ Hapip, Abdul D. (1984). Struktur Bahasa Barangas (in Indonesian). Jakarta, Indonesia: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
  8. ^ a b Sudarmo, Sudarmo (2016). Fonotaktik Bahasa Banjar. Jurnal Bahasa Sastra Dan Pembelajarannya 6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  9. ^ Hapip, Abdul Jebar (2006). Kamus Banjar Indonesia, Cetakan V.
  10. ^ Kamus Bahasa Banjar Dialek Hulu - Indonesia [Dictionary of Banjar Hulu dialect - Indonesian] (in Indonesian) (1st ed.). Balai Bahasa Banjarmasin. 2008. ISBN 978 979 685 776 0.
  11. ^ Kamus Bahasa Indonesia - Banjar Dialek Kuala [Dictionary of Indonesian - Banjar Kuala dialect] (in Indonesian). Balai Bahasa Banjarmasin. 2008.

Bibliography

  • Bahasa Banjar Hulu [Pahuluan Banjar Language] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Language Development Center of the Republic of Indonesia. 1978.
  • Inventarisasi Kosakata Populer Bahasa Kutai dan Bahasa Banjar [Inventory of Popular Vocabulary of Kutai language and Banjarese language] (in Indonesian). Samarinda: East Kalimantan Provincial Linguistic Centre, Republic of Indonesia. 2007. ISBN 978-979-16282-5-9.
  • Kamus Bahasa Banjar Dialek Hulu-Indonesia [Pahuluan Banjarese Dictionary to Indonesian] (in Indonesian). Banjarmasin: Banjarmasin Linguistic Center, Department of National Education of the Republic of Indonesia. 2008. ISBN 978-979-685-776-0.
  • Morfo Sintaksis Bahasa Banjar Kuala [Syntactic Morphology of Kuala Banjarese] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Language Development Center of the Republic of Indonesia. 1986.
  • Nomina Bahasa Banjar [Nouns in Banjarese Language] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Research and Development Agency and Bookkeeping of the Republic of Indonesia. 1998. ISBN 979-459-833-X.
  • Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Banjar [General Guidelines for Banjarese Spelling] (in Indonesian) (1 ed.). Banjarmasin: Banjarmasin Linguistic Center, Language Center, Department of National Education of the Republic of Indonesia. 2009.
  • Refleksi Etimon Proto-Austronesia dalam Bahasa Banjar [Reflections of Proto-Austronesian Etimons in Banjarese Language] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Language Development Center of the Republic of Indonesia. 1992. ISBN 979459315X.
  • Struktur Bahasa Banjar Kuala [Language Structure of Kuala Banjarese] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Language Development Center of the Republic of Indonesia. 1981.