Battle of Bhamdoun (1983)

The Battle of Bhamdoun was fought over Bhamdoun between the Progressive Socialist Party (PSP) and the Lebanese Forces (LF) from 5 to 7 September 1983. It was the opening battle of the 1983 phase of the Lebanese Civil War and resulted in the successful capture of Bhamdoun by the Druze PSP militias.

Following the Israeli occupation of Lebanon's southern half in 1982, the Druze militias that controlled the Chouf were defeated and the PSP lost the territory that it controlled to the Israeli invasion. On 24 August, Bashir al Jimayyil was elected as president of Lebanon, and despite intentions to dissolve non-state militias and ensure the "liberation of Lebanon from all foreigj armies" (including Israel) from Lebanon, PSP leader Walid Jumblatt viewed Jmayyil's future presidency with suspicion describing the Lebanese internal structure as a "diktat" that was "destined to fall apart". When asked if he believed the civil war would restart, he said "there is a general "malaise" in West Beirut, we are afraid. So the prognosis is very poor. On the constitutional level he was elected legally, on the political level it is something else." ^[1]

Following Bashir's assassination in September 1982, his brother Amine took over and signed the May 17 agreement with Israel, which led to Walid viewing his regime with increasing hostility. Throughout summer of 1983, an embattled Walid Jumblatt began reorganising elements of the People's Liberation Army (the armed wing of the progressive socialist party) as the prospect of war with the Lebanese government grew. In September 1983 the Israeli army withdrew from the Chouf and the Lebanese army alongside Kataeb Forces entered the region seeking to subdue the resurgent progressive socialist party, sparking the Mountain War.

The Syrian government had advised the Lebanese army to not enter the Chouf region, despite the Progressive Socialist Party's weakened state and the Kataeb seizing the hillside villages around Bhamdoun from the Druze militias. Despite the erosion endured by the PSP, the strength of Walid Jumblatt's resurgent forces was greatly underestimated.

The Lebanese army and Kataeb forces launched a joint assault on PSP positions in the Chouf, and the Kataeb took Bhamdoun which Druze militias shelled intensely.^[2] On 5 September, the Palestine Liberation Forces relayed information to the Kataeb that a large-scale Druze offensive was imminent, leading Kataeb leader Samir Geagea to evacuate all Christians from the region and fortified the city of Bhamdoun in anticipation of it.^[3]

Walid Jumblatt's offensive materialised the same day, launching a conventional advance that captured many Lebanese towns east of the Chouf closing in on Bhamdoun. The Kataeb forces, despite prior warning of the offensive were not prepared for the unprecedented sheer size of the offensive and many of their positions were easily overrun by Druze PSP forces. The Kataeb were instructed by the Lebanese army to hold Bhamdoun for 12 hours before being replaced however the Lebanese Army, mired in its attempt to defeat the PSP's westwards offensive was unable to deliver. In the 7th of September, the PSP expelled the Kataeb from Bhamdoun and took over the town, with Geagea's forces regrouping in Deir al-Qamar, which was also targeted by the Druze offensive

The battle of Bhamdoun was the beginning of a string of victories that would accelerate the PSP's territorial expansion and cement its position as the dominant militia in Lebanon until the rise of Hezbollah.