VRChat

VRChat is an online virtual world platform created by Graham Gaylor and Jesse Joudrey[2] and operated by VRChat, Inc. The platform allows users to interact with others with user-created 3D avatars and worlds. VRChat is designed primarily for use with virtual reality headsets, being available for Microsoft Windows PCs and as an app for Android-based headsets such as the Meta Quest, Pico 4, and HTC Vive XR Elite. VRChat is also playable without a virtual reality device in a "desktop"[3] mode designed for a mouse and keyboard, gamepad, or mobile app for touchscreen devices.

VRChat was first released as a Windows application for the Oculus Rift DK1 prototype on January 16, 2014, and was later released to the Steam early access program on February 1, 2017. VRChat later became available on the Meta Quest store on December 11, 2018, and in early access on the Google Play store on August 22, 2023.

Overview

Players in VRChat

VRChat's functionality is similar to that of games such as Second Life and Habbo Hotel,[4] allowing users to access user-developed "worlds" where they can interact with each other using virtual avatars. Worlds can vary, with some taking the form of social spaces, performance venues, and games[5][6][4]

VRChat is also capable of running in "desktop mode" without a VR headset, which is controlled using either a mouse and keyboard, gamepad, or touchscreen device. Some limitations exist in desktop mode, such as the inability to freely move an avatar's limbs, or perform interactions that require more than one hand.[7]

The paid VRChat Plus subscription provides extra features such as more slots for "favorite" avatars, profile pictures, and the ability to attach an in-game photo to an invite request. Other exclusive features for subscribers have been added since launch, including additional theming options for the user interface, and custom emojis and stickers.[8][9][10][11] In March 2025, several new Plus-exclusive features were launched in beta, including a virtual dolly for the in-game camera, a flyable camera drone, and "Selfie Expression"—a feature that allows users in desktop mode to use a webcam to give their avatar facial motion tracking without needing to use a VR headset.[12]

User-generated content

A VRChat avatar open for editing in the 3D modeling software Blender

Creating avatars and worlds is an involved process using external tools; they are uploaded by users of a Unity software development kit released alongside VRChat.[5][4] Avatars are capable of mimicking head and hand motion along with supporting lip syncing, eye tracking, blinking, and other features.[13][4] Trends and variations of avatars can spread deeply through the community, and avatars themselves are often distributed for free, or sold through online marketplaces such as Gumroad or Booth.[5][14] The Japanese company Hikky has organized a series of events on VRChat known as "Virtual Market" ("VKet"), a virtual fan convention focused on the sale of digital assets by members of the VRChat community; the event has also attracted virtual booths and sponsor presences by companies such as Bandai Namco, Disney, East Japan Railway Company, and HP.[15][16]

In 2020, VRChat introduced Udon, a visual programming language which uses a node graph system. While still considered alpha software, it became usable on publicly-accessible worlds beginning in April 2020.[17] A third-party compiler, UdonSharp, was developed to allow world scripts to be written in C#.[18]

In 2022, support for the Open Sound Control (OSC) protocol was added for more advanced interactions with external software and devices.[19] Later in the year, VRChat began to implement a secondary application—"Creator Companion"—for managing Unity IDE installations, projects, and downloading community packages using a Unity Package Manager (UPM)-compatible format.[20] The previous VRChat SDK2 was deprecated in February 2023, with the Udon-based SDK 3.x becoming mandatory for all future content.[21]

In May 2023, VRChat announced that it would add a new monetization system known as the "Creator Economy". Initially, this allows eligible groups to offer subscriptions (via a paid digital currency known as "VRChat Credits") that can, in turn, allow access to exclusive features programmed in worlds (such as VIP rooms or in-game cosmetics) for supporters. 50% of revenue from subscriptions go to the group owner.[22][23][24] In May 2025, a related feature known as the "Avatar Marketplace" was also announced, allowing users to purchase access to premium public avatars using Credits; at launch, this also included official avatars such as Quill from Moss.[25][26]

Hardware support

VRChat has extensive support for a large number of PC-compatible VR headsets and accessories, including Oculus Rift, Meta Quest (via Quest Link or Virtual Desktop), and SteamVR-compatible headsets (such as HTC Vive and Valve Index). VRChat is also available as a native app for Android; it was initially released for Android-based standalone headsets including Meta Quest, Pico 4,[27] and HTC Vive XR Elite.[28] A client for Android smartphones was first released in 2023, which uses touchscreen controls, and also allows users to access social features and push notifications from groups.[29][30] A similar iOS version of VRChat was initially released as a closed beta on May 7, 2024.[31]

Worlds and avatars can be built for Android, iOS, and Microsoft Windows (PC) platforms to support cross-platform play; due to hardware limitations, content for mobile platforms must be optimized within specific constraints. In January 2024, VRChat began to offer automatically-generated, reduced-fidelity versions of avatars called "imposters" that can be displayed in place of the avatar when on an incompatible platform, or when the user's performance and safety settings prevent the displaying of an avatar.[32][33]

Finger tracking and gesture recognition is supported on controllers such as the Index Controller and Oculus Touch, allowing users' finger movements to be reflected by their avatar, and hand poses to trigger linked animations (such as a corresponding facial expressions).[34][35] VRChat also supports SteamVR and OSC full-body tracking for motion capture, typically by using HTC's Vive Tracker peripherals or alternative devices such as the Kinect, Virtual Desktop, or Inertial Measurement Unit based trackers such as SlimeVR.[36][37][38] The Vive XR Elite version of VRChat supports the Vive Ultimate Tracker accessory.[28]

Community

VRChat's popularity has been attributed to use by YouTubers and Twitch streamers.[4] VRChat has spawned media such as a weekly newspaper in its forums, and talk shows and podcasts dedicated to a discussion of the game.[4] After an initial wave of viral popularity upon its release, the platform saw a steady increase in concurrent users with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and direct quarantine policies. There were recorded spikes in viewership of VRChat-related Twitch streams in mid-2020 and September 2020.[39] The service reported a record of over 24,000 concurrent users over the Halloween weekend (with over half using it on a VR platform), spurred by holiday events and the recent release of the Oculus Quest 2.[39] On December 31, 2020, the service recorded a new record of over 40,000 concurrent users for New Year's Eve, to the point that it experienced a major outage around midnight in the Eastern Time Zone due to a security provider having mistaken the surge as a denial-of-service attack.[40]

The platform has a notable community of transgender users, as the use of avatars have allowed individuals to discover and portray an expression of themselves that suits their gender identity, especially if they live in regions where the transgender community faces prejudice. VRC Trans Academy—a support group for transgender users on VRChat—had over 36,000 members as of December 2024.[14]

The virtual furry convention Furality has been hosted on VRChat since 2020; its eighth edition in 2024—Furality Umbra—hosted a record of over 21,000 registered attendees.[41]

Moderation and trust system

VRChat is user moderated with a votekick system. When a problematic user is present, anyone may initiate a vote to remove them from the area.[42] User-created groups may assign moderators to spaces that they operate.[43][44]

Users of VRChat are automatically classified into various "trust ranks" based on factors such as the time they spend on the platform, number of friends, and content uploaded. Higher ranks come with increased access to avatar features that may be disruptive if misused.[45] The classification of users into an ordered ranking system, based on an opaque algorithm, may lead to discrimination or stereotyping based on trust rank.[46]

Music and dance

The platform has attracted various music-oriented communities and events; dancers have leveraged full-body tracking support to give virtual performances and classes within VRChat, including ballet, breaking, and pole dance.[6]

Online dance music events have also occurred on VRChat, especially since the COVID-19 pandemic. They are organized by collectives that develop and design nightclub worlds, and sometimes simulcast their events on live streaming platforms such as Twitch. One club—Loner Online—was noted by an NME writer for its attention to detail in recreating an underground club experience (with the Akihabara nightclub Mogra cited by its developers as an influence), right down to having bathroom stalls.[47][48] In partnership with the VRChat-based electronic music festival SlyFest, British drum and bass producer Muzz organized a virtual concert tour consisting of headlining appearances at multiple VRChat events in 2021, including support from other producers such as Feint, Mollie Collins, and Teddy Killerz.[49]

In June 2020, French electronic musician Jean-Michel Jarre presented a virtual concert experience in VRChat, "Alone Together".[50] On December 31, 2020, Jarre presented a second virtual concert for New Year's Eve, "Welcome to the Other Side", which was broadcast across other radio, television, and online platforms from outside of the Notre-Dame cathedral, and featured an interactive companion experience on VRChat, taking place in a world recreating its interior.[51]

Sign language

Signed language is possible in VRChat because users can position their hands anywhere they can reach, and pose their fingers to varying extents.[52] Two sign dialects are used depending on the signer's hardware; both must be understood for effective communication.[53] The general dialect is limited to seven predetermined handshapes built into VRChat.[54] Some specialized avatars may expand on this limitation, especially by replacing the horns sign (1I) with the more broadly useful shaka sign (Y).[a][55] The other dialect is for users of the Valve Index controllers, which track each finger independently.[53] Neither dialect can correctly reproduce all signs, so Deaf users alter the signs in standardized ways.[55] For example, to imply that two fingers are meant to be crossed, a twisting motion is added to the sign.[56] Altered signs must also account for the usual lack of eye and face tracking,[b] which is a major obstacle to accurately recreating sign languages.[52]

In addition to these hardware dialects, the Quest 2's camera-based hand tracking can also be used for sign language.[57] However, it can have problems with signs where one hand occludes the other from the view of the cameras, or where a hand is brought too close to the face.[52]

Social mutes

Within the VRChat community, it is not considered unusual or rude for an individual to stay silent at most or all times. These users, called "mutes" in a non-derogatory context, have meaningful social interactions through expressive gesticulation or writing and are unlikely to speak even when asked repeatedly. Silence as a social norm makes it easier for active participation by users with social anxiety, muteness including selective mutism, gender dysphoria and deafness.[54][58][59]

A gray, anime-style robot girl uses a marker to draw a pink heart shape in the air. She then grabs the heart and presents it to the viewer with a smile.
Within VRChat, pens are widely available and can often be used to write in mid-air in a fashion that would be impossible in reality.[59]

Mutes are strongly integrated into the culture of VRChat‍; social spaces are often fitted with communication tools catering to them, such as pens and keyboards. They also benefit from prevalent sign language materials. Despite this, mute communication is often more challenging than vocal communication. Mutes are not universally accepted and may be harassed or ignored by some vocal users.[58][54]

Mutes are the subject of a social trend whereby vocal users "adopt" them, and refer to them as their "personal mute" or "my mute". Mutes might seek adoption because their chaperone could mediate and include them in vocal social spaces. The practice has been controversial because it may infantilize or objectify the adoptees – who have been compared to pets or Pokémon – or give up too much control over them to their adopters.[58]

In a survey investigating the reasons for VR users not speaking (n=324), 26.6% were due to the users' voice not matching their avatar; 35.8% due to social anxiety; 13.9% as a strategy to avoid harassment; and 12.7% due to disabilities.[58]

Controversies

Use by minors

In February 2022, a BBC News report accused the service of not providing enough safeguards to prevent minors from entering worlds that may contain adult themes and interactions.[60] In September 2023, VRChat added a "content gating" system that allows avatars and worlds to be flagged for containing adult themes, suggestive content, violence, and/or horror; by default, all flagged content is blocked for users under the age of 18. For users over the age of 18, filters are turned off by default, and may be customized based on user preferences.[61]

In November 2024, it was announced that the platform will be adding support for opt-in age verification, which will allow users to restrict access to instances to those verified as being 18 years of age or older. This feature will utilize a third-party age verification provider, and will be trialed initially among selected communities.[62]

Prohibition of client modifications

On July 25, 2022, VRChat announced that it would implement Easy Anti-Cheat (EAC) in order to protect against prohibited modifications to the client. The announcement specifically cited griefers using mods designed to crash other users out of VRChat sessions, as well as issues with alleged account hijacking.[19] The announcement led to widespread backlash from the community, citing that some users had legitimate uses for modified clients, mainly to add quality of life (QoL) features that had not yet been added to the software, including additional accessibility features (such as allowing the display of subtitles on video players in worlds). The software was subsequently review bombed on Steam, while some community members urged others to cancel their Plus subscriptions. A spokesperson stated to Motherboard that its introduction of features such as OSC support had "enabled our users to have an entirely new dimension of creativity, as well as the ability to build accessibility tools to fit their needs".[19]

In response to the criticism, VRChat announced that it had amended its development roadmap in order to prioritize the addition of a number of new accessibility and QoL features that had been highly requested by the community, with some being already implemented by VRChat themselves, and many others being revived by the community by using the new tools provided.[63][64]

Ugandan Knuckles phenomenon

Main article: Knuckles the Echidna § Ugandan Knuckles meme

VRChat gave rise to a meme known as "Ugandan Knuckles", in which players use crude in-game models of Knuckles the Echidna from the Sonic the Hedgehog series while repeating the catchphrase "Do you know the way?" in a mock African accent.[65] The players' model and mannerisms originated in a review by YouTuber Gregzilla and Forsen's Twitch stream respectively, in addition to lines from the Ugandan movie Who Killed Captain Alex?[66] This has generated controversy from many sources; Polygon's Julia Alexander labelled it "blatantly racist" and a "problematic meme", comparing it to Habbo Hotel raids,[67] and Jay Hathaway of The Daily Dot called it a "racist caricature".[66] The creator of the 3D model used in the meme expressed regret for having made it, and urged players that they "do not use this to bug the users of VRChat."[68] In response, the developers of the game published an open letter on Medium, stating that they were developing "new systems to allow the community to better self moderate" and asking users to use the built-in muting features.[69]

See also

  • AltspaceVR – A platform providing meeting spaces in virtual reality[70]
  • Sansar – A social virtual reality platform with a near-identical premise[70]
  • Metaverse – Term for a collective three-dimensional virtual shared space
  • NeosVR – A massively multiplayer online virtual reality game
  • Resonite - A social VR game with in-game building features.
  • Ready Player One - A novel revolving around a similar VR game.
  • VTuber – Streamers that use virtual avatars
  • We Met in Virtual Reality - A 2022 documentary film centered on players in VRChat

Notes

  1. ^ The remaining gestures are: 1, 5, 10, L, S, V.
  2. ^ Although VRChat avatars can support face tracking, its adoption is limited because support must be built into the avatars, and because the tracking hardware is not commercially available.

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