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University of Bayreuth

The University of Bayreuth is one of the youngest universities in Germany. It was opened in 1975 and is a research-orientated campus university with around 12,000 students[6] and 190 degree programmes[7] offered by seven faculties[8] at its campuses in Bayreuth and Kulmbach.

History

The margravial Academia Fridericiana (Friedrichsakademie), which existed in Bayreuth from 1742 to 1743 and was founded on 21 February 1743 by Charles VII. And received the status of a university on 21 February 1743,[9] has no historical connection with today's University of Bayreuth. Rather, it was the short-lived predecessor of the Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg.

Teacher training and Bayreuth’s University of Education

At the eastern end of the district of Dürschnitz the "Royal Teacher Training College" was opened in 1895. It was initially used to train Protestant primary school teachers.[10] In 1935, the teacher training college became the College for Teacher Training and in 1941 a Teacher training institution without the Abitur requirement. After the Second World War the continued existence of the teacher training institution, now sponsored by the Protestant church, once again required the Abitur.

In 1954, the Institute for Teacher Training was founded, which was upgraded to the non-denominational Bayreuth’s University of Education (PH) in 1958 and moved to a new location on Geschwister-Scholl-Platz in the district of Roter Hügel neighbourhood. As of 1 August 1972[11] the PH Bayreuth was dissolved and became the Second Faculty of Education of the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg as the Second Faculty of Education. On 1 October 1975, it was transferred to the newly founded University of Bayreuth, and on 1 October 1977, its Department of Education was dissolved.[12]

Foundation of the University

On 5 November 1969, the Bayreuth City Council addressed the economic stagnation and emigration trends in north-east Bavaria as a result of its location near the border with the GDR and Czechoslovakia. In order to initiate an effective structural improvement that guarantees equal living conditions with the rest of Germany, various measures are required. In this context, the council unanimously requested the establishment of a university in the city. On 19 March 1970, a university association was founded, whose membership quickly grew to 800. In addition to Bayreuth, the following also applied as locations for a university or university of applied sciences: Bamberg, Coburg, Landshut, Passau and Ingolstadt.[13]

Members of all parties represented in the Bavarian State Parliament, the District parliament of Upper Franconia and numerous public figures campaigned in favour of the building of the university. The following should be emphasised Konrad Pöhner and Simon Nüssel and the Bayreuth Mayor Hans Walter Wild who showed great negotiating skills.[14] As early as 16 July 1970, a state parliament resolution was passed to locate the next Bavarian state university was to be located in Bayreuth.[15] In 1971, the Science Council recommended that the university be included in the measures under the University Building Promotion Act. Under the chairmanship of physicist Wolfgang Wild a structural advisory board was formed,[16] which expected the number of 8,500 study places and 3,200 employees for 1985.[15]

The university was established by the Bavarian Parliament on 1 January 1972, as the seventh Bavarian state university. The state parliament resolution was celebrated in the city with a torchlight procession on 14 December 1971.[14] "Since 2:19 p.m. this afternoon, Bayreuth is once again a university town!" the Mayor announced to the approximately 3,000 citizens who had gathered in front of the town hall. Police loudspeaker vans announced the event in the city; church bells, the first official ringing of the new town hall carillon, a rally, a rocket shot from the roof of the city hall, brass band music, and free beer gave expression to the general joy.[17]

Instead of the locations also being considered Wendelhöfen and Roter Hügel[18] the site of the former parade ground[10] south of the neighbourhoods Kreuzstein and Birken was selected. The office of the University of Bayreuth took up residence in 1972, initially in the building errected by the National Socialists[19] House of German Shorthand[20] ("Stenohaus") on Luitpoldplatz,[21] and commenced operations. In October 1973, founding president Klaus Dieter Wolff took office.[22] The ground-breaking ceremony took place at the beginning of March 1974,[23] the foundation stone was laid on 23 March 1974. With a state act in the Margravial Opera House on 27 November 1975[24] the Minister of Culture Hans Maier inaugurated the University of Bayreuth with a focus on the natural sciences.[14]

Development since 1975

The university commenced research and teaching operations on 3 November 1975[25] in the winter semester of 1975/76 with 637 students, 24 male professors and one female professor. Initially, the diploma degree programmes in biology and mathematics were offered, as well as teaching training for primary and secondary schools and teacher training for Gymnasien (subjects mathematics, physics and sports).[26] The former College of Education was initially incorporated into the university as the Faculty of Education. It was dissolved In the winter semester of 1977/78 and the didactic subjects were integrated into the faculties of the respective disciplines. Primary school teacher training was offered in Bayreuth alongside diploma and master's degree programmes as well as courses for secondary school teachers until 2005. The degree programmes for teaching at Gymnasien and Realschulen have been retained.

The first building on the campus was the Geosciences I building west of the Birkengut farm, completed in 1975,[24] which was initially used by the university and demolished after a fire in 1994.[27] The Geosciences II building was added in 1977,[24] Natural Sciences II was built between 1980 and 1983. In 1988, the University Library, which until then had been housed in a temporary building, was inaugurated and the foundation of the DM 8.6 million Humanities II building were laid. On 5 January of that year, physicists Frank Pobell, Kurt Gloos and Peter Smeibidl set a new record for the lowest temperature after four years of preparation.[28] In October 1990, a cooperation agreement was signed with the Czechoslovak Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice,[29] in November 1990, the Combined heat and power plant of the university went into operation. The DM 2.3 million plant was designed and built by the Energieversorgung Oberfranken.[30] In June 1991, Czechoslovak human rights activist and President Václav Havel was awarded the honorary doctorate of the University of Bayreuth.[31]

In 1994, the university administration was relocated from Kanalstraße in the city center (former Steno-Haus) to the campus.[32] In the same year, the Auditorium Maximum was completed with a capacity of 700 seats,[10] in 1999 the building for the Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences (FAN), founded in 1998, was completed.[33] Bayreuth was the first Bavarian university town to introduce the semester ticket in August 1996.[34]

  • Focus on experimental ecology
  • Focus on macromolecular chemistry
  • Focus on African studies
  • Research Institute for Music Theatre (fimt)
  • Technical Physicist degree programme
  • Business law degree programme.

In addition to the creation of specializations, it was the "interface philosophy" that proved to be particularly effective for the further development of the university. It involves carrying out promising scientific teaching and research at the points where different disciplines meet and intersect. On this basis, interdisciplinary work in almost all areas has been a characteristic feature of Bayreuth from the very beginning.

In connection with the expansion of the ecological focus, the University of Bayreuth was able to establish a large-scale Botanical Garden shortly after starting operations to support research and teaching, in which vegetation types from all over the world could be modelled and research activities relevant to the profile could be carried out. At the same time, the concept included the novel aspect of publicity and recreational value for the region.

In the summer of 1977, the Research Institute for Music Theatre in Thurnau Castle began its activities. On 27 November 1981, the Africa Centre "Iwalewahaus" was opened.[16] In 1987, under the name "Plant-Herbivore Systems" the first research training group in Bavaria was established in 1987.

In 1989, the then 83-year-old Arthur Maria Rabenalt was appointed honorary professor. Because of anti-Semitic and racist content in his works such as Riding for Germany and Das Filmbett, this appointment was not without controversy. There were also accusations that he had obtained the title of professor by setting up a foundation. Wole Soyinka, Nigerian winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature, asked the university in this context to postpone the award of an honorary doctorate planned for that year to him for the time being.[35] In the course of the Guttenberg plagiarism affair the University of Bayreuth hit the headlines nationwide in 2011.

At the end of the 1990s, the university significantly expanded its profile once again by extending its previous four research specializations to nine and, as part of the European degree reforms (Bologna Process), introduced the bachelor's and master's degree system in the 1999/2000 winter semester. The priorities were reformulated as follows:

  • African studies
  • Dynamics and order: Development of legal culture and economy
  • High-pressure and high-temperature research
  • Cultural comparison and intercultural processes
  • Macromolecule and colloid research
  • Molecular Biosciences
  • Advanced materials
  • Nonlinear dynamics
  • Ecological and environmental sciences.

The increasing competition in science is reflected, among other things, in the emerging standards and certifications in the area of accreditations and rankings. Third-party funding became increasingly important and enabled the expansion of research and study opportunities through new institutions and forms of organisation as well as through further global networking.

Today's profile is characterized by a differentiation between focus areas that are already internationally visible and distinguished by a high degree of thematic and programmatic coherence ("advanced fields"), and new interdisciplinary focus areas, that are in the early stages of a dynamic development, identified as sustainable by responding to a virulent and socially relevant research need ("emerging fields").[36]

When it began teaching in 1975, the university was designed for up to 8,000 students in its final state. The figure of 13,000 was exceeded in the 2014/15 winter semester. The institution responded to its continuous growth by expanding its personnel and infrastructure. In September 2018, the Bavarian Minister of Science and Research Marion Kiechle inaugurated the Bavarian Centre for Battery Technology (BayBatt) at the University of Bayreuth. It was to be established within five years and ultimately comprise 114 positions, including 12 professorships.[37] Five years later, the university actually comprises 274 professors (196 male, 78 female), as of June 2023, and has around 2,617 employees (1,458 male, 1,159 female).

At the start of the anniversary year 2025, the university is growing once again and is one of the largest employers in Bayreuth. With 281 professors (84 of whom are female) and 2,661 employees (1,211 of whom are female).

Rankings

The university has been recognized in a number of national and international rankings in recent years.

The University of Bayreuth is represented in the renowned Times Higher Education World University Ranking (THE WUR), one of the world's leading university rankings, which is published annually by Times Higher Education. The ranking, which has been in existence since 2004, evaluates universities on the basis of five central criteria: Teaching, research, citations, international orientation and industrial revenue.[38] The University of Bayreuth is ranked 301-350 out of a total of over 2,000 universities worldwide.[39] The university has also been included in the QS World University Ranking, a renowned university ranking published annually by QS Quacquarelli Symonds since 2004. The ranking is based to a large extent on reputation surveys among researchers and employers and also takes into account criteria such as internationalization, citations, teaching and sustainability.[40] It is ranked 31st in Germany.[41] The University of Bayreuth is also represented in the Times Higher Education Young University Ranking (THE YUR), a specialized ranking that evaluates universities that are less than 50 years old. Similar to THE World University Ranking (THE WUR), THE YUR takes into account criteria such as teaching, research, citations, international orientation and industrial revenue.[42] In this ranking, the University of Bayreuth placed 2nd in Germany and 38th worldwide.[43] The University of Bayreuth is also represented in the CHE Ranking, one of the most comprehensive and detailed rankings for German higher education institutions. For 25 years, the ranking has been based primarily on student judgements and thus provides valuable information on aspects such as teaching, study conditions and infrastructure.[44] There, it ranks above the national average in the subjects of geosciences, physics, business administration, economics, industrial engineering and law.[45] In UniNow's Digital Campus Index, which provides a comprehensive overview of student satisfaction with digitization at universities, the University of Bayreuth is ranked first in Germany[46] among universities. The index evaluates the digital quality of lectures, equipment, administration and other areas and thus shows how well the institution is positioned in terms of digital teaching and infrastructure[47].

In January 2025, like numerous other German-speaking universities and research institutions, it ended its activities on the platform X (formerly Twitter). Their orientation is "difficult to reconcile with the fundamental values of the institutions involved - tolerance, scientific rigour, transparency and democratic discourse".[48]

Organization

The campus of the University of Bayreuth

Faculties

The University of Bayreuth is divided into seven faculties:[49]

University Administration Executive Board

President from to
Klaus Dieter Wolff 1973 1991
Helmut Buettner 1991 1997
Helmut Ruppert 1997 2009
Rüdiger Bormann 2009 2013
Stefan Leible 2013[50] current

The first chancellor was Wolf-Peter Hentschel from 1973 to Oktober 1999, who was already head of the executive office since 1 January 1972. From November 1999 to 2010 Ekkehard Beck served as chancellor, and from 2011 to 2020 Markus Zanner; his successor is Nicole Kaiser.

Facilities

Library

The University library is divided into the following locations:[51]

  1. Central Library with integrated Departmental Library of the Social Sciences (GW)
  2. Departmental Library of Law and Economics (RW)
  3. Departmental Library of Biology/Chemistry (NW I)
  4. Departmental Library of Mathematics/Physics/Informatics/Engineering Sciences (NW II)
  5. Departmental Library of Earth Science (GEO)
  6. Departmental Library of Research Institute of Music Theatre, Castle of Thurnau (FIMT)
  7. Additional stack rooms at Geschwister-Scholl-Platz (GSP)

Study programmes

The university has a capacity of approximately 10,000 students; in winter term 2011/12 the number of enrolled peaked at approximately 11,400 students due to the dual Abitur cohorts.[52] Many study programmes use quasi-interdisciplinary approaches, i.e. "International Economy and Development", "Health Economics", "Sports Economics", "Polymer- and Colloidal Chemistry", "Geoecology", "Global Change Ecology" or "Applied Informatics".[53][54]

Research

Central Research Institutions

  • Bavarian Center for Battery Technologies (BayBatt)[1]
  • Bavarian Research Institute of Experimental Geochemistry and Geophysics – BGI
  • Bayreuth Centre for Colloids & Interfaces
  • Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research – BIMF
  • Bayreuth Centre for Molecular Biosciences – BZMB
  • Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research – BayCEER
  • Bayreuth Center for Stable Isotope Research in Ecology and Biogeochemistry (BayCenSI)[2]
  • North Bavarian NMR Centre (NBNC)
  • Bayreuth Centre for Materials Science and Engineering – BayMAT
  • Bayreuth Centre for High Performance Computing [3]
  • Bayreuth Lab of Digital Sciences (BayLDS)[4]
  • Research Center for Modeling and Simulation (MODUS)[5]
  • Institute for Entrepreneurship & Innovation (IEI)[6]
  • Institute of [HM1] African Studies (IAS) [7]
  • Institute of Music Theatre Research – FIMT
  • Bayreuth Institute for American Studies – BIFAS[55]
  • Bayreuth Center of Sport Science (BaySpo)[8]
  • Centre for Educational Research and Teacher Education (ZLB)[9]
  • University of Bayreuth Centre of International Excellence „Alexander von Humboldt"[10]
  • University of Bayreuth Graduate School (UBTGS)[11]

These interdisciplinary and cross-faculty research centres reflect the Focus Areas of the University of Bayreuth in education and research.

Excellence Strategy of the German Federal and State Governments

Cluster of Excellence "Africa Multiple"– EXC 2052

German Research Foundation (DFG) – Collaborative Research Centres

Collaborative Research Centre 1585 MultiTrans (from 1 Oct 2023)[12]

Collaborative Research Centre 1357 Microplastics

Collaborative Research Centre/TRR 225 "From the fundamentals of biofabrication towards functional tissue models" (in collaboration with JMU Wuerzburg and FAU Erlangen-Nuremberg)[13]

Previous Collaborative Research Centres [14]

German Research Foundation (DFG) – Research Units

FOR 5495, SOURCED – Process Mining on Distributed Event Source

Promotion of Early Career Researchers

University of Bayreuth Graduate School (Central Research Institution) and WiN Academy [15]

International Graduate School, funded by the Excellence Strategy

Bayreuth International School of African Studies (BIGSAS) (as part of the Cluster of Excellence "Africa Multiple" at the University of Bayreuth)

German Research Foundation (DFG) – Research Training Groups

IRTG 2818: "Optical excitations in organic and inorganic semiconductors: Understanding and control through external stimuli" (in cooperation with University of Melbourne and Monash University, Australia)[16]

RTG 2156: "Deep Earth Volatile Cycles" (with Tōhoku University, Japan)[17]

German Research Foundation (DFG) Priority Programmes, coordinated by the University of Bayreuth)

SPP 2370: "Interlinking catalysts, mechanisms and reactor concepts for the conversion of dinitrogen by electrocatalytic, photocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic methods (‘Nitroconversion’)"[18]

SPP 2006: "Priority Programme Compositionally Complex Alloys – High Entropy Alloys"[19]

Research Bodies and Collaborative Research Projects

Collaborative projects in the research framework programme HORIZON 2020

Collaborative projects in the research framework programme Horizon Europe [20]

Projects of the Federal Government [21]

Projects of the VolkswagenStiftung [22]

Bavarian Research Associations [23]

Research Bodies in cooperation with external partners [24]

Research Units [25]

Rankings

In the QS World University Rankings of 2024, the University of Bayreuth was placed at 509 globally, which put it at 31st among German universities.[56] The Times Higher Education World University Rankings for 2024 ranked it within the 351–400 bracket internationally, and between 34–36 in the national comparison.[57] In the Academic Ranking of World Universities, known as ARWU, for the year 2023, it was placed in the 501–600 range worldwide and 32–36 in Germany.[58]

Notable alumni

Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg, German Federal Minister of Defence, was awarded a summa cum laude doctorate by the Faculty of Law, Business Administration and Economics in 2007. After extensive plagiarism in Guttenberg's dissertation was revealed in February 2011, German media also criticised the University of Bayreuth.[59] A university spokesman denied allegations of bribery and political corruption.[60] The university rescinded the doctorate and Guttenberg resigned. In 2019 Guttenberg was awarded a PhD for a new dissertation at the University of Southampton.[61][62][63]

Notable faculty

Impressions

  • View of the central university campus
    View of the central university campus
  • Auditorium Maximum
    Auditorium Maximum
  • In front of the building of the Faculty of Law and Economics
    In front of the building of the Faculty of Law and Economics
  • In front of the building "Geisteswissenschaften I"
    In front of the building "Geisteswissenschaften I"
  • University Campus, Natural Sciences II building in the background
    University Campus, Natural Sciences II building in the background
  • Bavarian Research Institute of Experimental Geochemistry and Geophysics
    Bavarian Research Institute of Experimental Geochemistry and Geophysics

See also

References

  1. ^ "Drittmitteleinnahmen". University of Bayreuth (in German). Retrieved 20 June 2017.
  2. ^ "Dr. Nicole Kaiser, WiSo-Alumna und jüngste Unikanzlerin Deutschlands, im FAZ-Interview › Fachbereich Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften".
  3. ^ "Vom Studenten zum Präsidenten der Universität Bayreuth" (PDF). University of Bayreuth. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2013. Retrieved 12 August 2013.
  4. ^ a b "Personalstatistik". University of Bayreuth (in German). Retrieved 3 April 2019.
  5. ^ "Entwicklung der Studierendenzahlen". University of Bayreuth (in German). Retrieved 3 April 2019.
  6. ^ "Number of students". www.uni-bayreuth.de. Retrieved 13 April 2025.
  7. ^ "Study programme University of Bayreuth". www.uni-bayreuth.de. Retrieved 13 April 2025.
  8. ^ "Faculties of the University of Bayreuth". www.uni-bayreuth.de. Retrieved 13 April 2025.
  9. ^ Müssel, Karl (1993). Bayreuth in acht Jahrhunderten: Geschichte der Stadt (1. Aufl ed.). Bindlach: Gondrom. pp. 100 ff. ISBN 978-3-8112-0809-4.
  10. ^ a b c Herbert Popp: op. cit., pp. 329.
  11. ^ Vor 50 Jahren in: Nordbayerischer Kurier vom 6. Oktober 2022, S. 8.
  12. ^ "Introduction and Chronology". findbuch.uni-bayreuth.de. Retrieved 13 April 2025.
  13. ^ "Vor 50 Jahren: 7. Februar 1968". Nachrichten aus der Chemie. 66 (2): 198–198. February 2018. doi:10.1002/nadc.20184072732. ISSN 1439-9598.
  14. ^ a b c Trübsbach, Rainer (1993). Geschichte der Stadt Bayreuth: 1194 - 1994. Bayreuth: Druckhaus Bayreuth. p. 380. ISBN 978-3-922808-35-0.
  15. ^ a b Karl Müssel: op. cit., pp. 329.
  16. ^ a b Karl Müssel: op. cit., pp. 254.
  17. ^ "Vor 50 Jahren in: Nordbayerischer Kurier vom 15. Dezember 2021, S. 8".
  18. ^ Mayer, Bernd (1988). Bayreuth. Die letzten 50 Jahre (2nd ed.). Bayreuth: Ellwanger. p. 134.
  19. ^ Mayer, Bernd (1999). Bayreuth im zwanzigsten Jahrhundert. Bayreuth: Nordbayerischer Kurier. p. 62.
  20. ^ Kurt Herterich: Vom Bayreuther Schloßturm zum Festspielhügel, pp. 23.
  21. ^ Die Gnade der späten Geburt bei nordbayerischer-kurier.de, abgerufen am 26. August 2018
  22. ^ Karl Müssel: op. cit., pp. 254.
  23. ^ Vor 50 Jahren. Der Aushub für die Uni hat begonnen. in: Nordbayerischer Kurier vom 2./3. März 2024, S. 10.
  24. ^ a b c Bernd Mayer: Bayreuth im zwanzigsten Jahrhundert, pp. 130.
  25. ^ Bernd Mayer: Bayreuth im zwanzigsten Jahrhundert, pp. 135.
  26. ^ Der älteste Student ist 76 Jahre alt in: Nordbayerischer Kurier vom 27. November 2017, S. 10.
  27. ^ Kurt Herterich: . Ellwanger, Bayreuth 2000, ISBN 3-925361-38-3, S. 80.
  28. ^ Rainer Trübsbach: op. cit., S. 381.
  29. ^ Yvonne Arnhold, Stephan Fuchs: . Gondrom, Bindlach 1990, ISBN 3-8112-0770-9, S. 163.
  30. ^ Stephan-H. Fuchs: . Gondrom, Bindlach 1991, ISBN 3-8112-0782-2, S. 13.
  31. ^ Stephan-H. Fuchs: Bayreuth Chronik 1991, p. 108.
  32. ^ "So war's früher: Ein Gebäude für die Verwaltung in: Nordbayerischer Kurier vom 4. Juni 2019, S. 10".
  33. ^ Herbert Popp: op. cit., p. 331.
  34. ^ "Vor 25 Jahren in: Nordbayerischer Kurier vom 28./29. August 2021, S. 10".
  35. ^ ...stiftet für Deutschland bei zeit.de, abgerufen am 25. November 2021
  36. ^ "Focus Areas". www.profilfelder.uni-bayreuth.de. Retrieved 14 April 2025.
  37. ^ Energiespeicherung von morgen: Wissenschaftsministerin Marion Kiechle eröffnet das Bayerische Zentrum für Batterietechnik (BayBatt) an der Universität Bayreuth, Pressemitteilung der Uni Bayreuth, 6. September 2018 abgerufen am 9. März 2020
  38. ^ "World University Rankings 2024: methodology". Times Higher Education (THE). 20 September 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2025.
  39. ^ "World University Rankings". Times Higher Education (THE). 4 October 2024. Retrieved 14 April 2025.
  40. ^ "QS World University Rankings". QS Quacquarelli Symonds. 26 March 2025. Retrieved 14 April 2025.
  41. ^ "QS Ranking 2024 - Germany - Results". universityrankings.ch. Retrieved 14 April 2025.
  42. ^ reporters, T. H. E. (7 May 2024). "Young University Rankings 2024: methodology". Times Higher Education (THE). Retrieved 14 April 2025.
  43. ^ "Young University Rankings". Times Higher Education (THE). 8 May 2024. Retrieved 14 April 2025.
  44. ^ "CHE University Ranking". Retrieved 14 April 2025.
  45. ^ https://methodik.che-ranking.de/datenauswertung/ergebnisberichte/
  46. ^ "Digital Campus Award für die Universität Bayreuth". oberfranken.radiogalaxy.de (in German). 6 April 2024. Retrieved 14 April 2025.
  47. ^ "Digital Campus Index". UniNow. Retrieved 14 April 2025.
  48. ^ Aktion(en) gegen Rechtsextremismus in: Nordbayerischer Kurier vom 11./12. Januar 2025, S. 9.
  49. ^ Bayreuth, Universität. "Our faculties. Fertile ground for research and teaching". www.uni-bayreuth.de.
  50. ^ "uni-bayreuth.de" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2013.
  51. ^ "Universitätsbibliothek Bayreuth About Us". Retrieved 23 September 2016.
  52. ^ "Login. CEUS-HB". Retrieved 23 September 2016.
  53. ^ "Study programme finder". Universität Bayreuth. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
  54. ^ "Online courses for students". Universität Bayreuth. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
  55. ^ "Bifas". Retrieved 23 September 2016.
  56. ^ a b "QS World University Rankings 2024". QS World University Rankings. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  57. ^ a b "World University Rankings 2024". Times Higher Education World University Rankings. 27 September 2023. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
  58. ^ a b "2023 Academic Ranking of World Universities". Academic Ranking of World Universities. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
  59. ^ Torsten Krauel (20 February 2011). "Plagiatsvorwurf : Doktor nur im Geiste, vorerst – Nachrichten – DIE WELT". Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  60. ^ Manuel Bewarder und Marc Neller (19 February 2011). "Plagiatsvorwurf: So prüft die Uni Bayreuth Guttenbergs Dissertation – DIE WELT". DIE WELT. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  61. ^ "Ex-Minister zu Guttenberg hat jetzt wieder einen Doktortitel" [Ex-Minister zu Guttenberg now has a doctorate again]. Redaktions Netzwerk Deutschland (in German). 13 August 2020. Retrieved 14 October 2024.
  62. ^ "Ex-Minister zu Guttenberg hat wieder einen Doktortitel" [Ex-Minister zu Guttenberg has a doctorate again]. Spiegel (in German). 12 August 2020. Retrieved 14 October 2024.
  63. ^ Buhl-Freiherr von und zu Guttenberg, Karl (2019). Agents, bills, and correspondents through the ages: an analytical reconsideration of the nature, scope, and significance of correspondent banking and its application in historical precedence and selected case studies (PhD thesis). University of Southampton. Retrieved 14 October 2024.