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Ji Ran

Not to be confused with Jiran, a city of Madhya Pradesh, India.
Ji Ran

Ji Ran (1893 – October 1939, Chinese: 寂然法师) was a Chinese Buddhist monk and humanitarian who orchestrated the sheltering of 24,000 refugees during the Nanjing Massacre (1937–1938). In his capacity as the supervising monk (jianyuan) of Qixia Temple in Nanjing, he founded the temple's Buddhist Refugee Shelter, the single significant sanctuary created and administered exclusively by Chinese during the horror.[1][2]

Biography

Refugees in the Qixia Temple Refugee Shelter in 1937

Born in 1893 in Dongtai County, Jiangsu Province, and bearing the prevalent surname Yan, Ji Ran entered monastic life during his adolescence. In 1909, he received the complete precepts at Baohua Temple in Zhenjiang, attended the Da Che Hall of Jiangtian Zen Monastery in Zhenjiang, and thereafter traveled to Qixia Temple in Nanjing, where he served as the supervisor of the monkhood.[3]

In December 1937, when Japanese forces invaded Nanjing, Ji Ran, with the assistance of monks Da Ben and Zhi Kai, opened the temple gates to civilians and soldiers seeking refuge, including Nationalist officer Liao Yaoxiang, whom he concealed in the sutra repository for several days before facilitating his escape through foreign-supported networks.[4] Despite limited resources, Ji Ran allocated 1 million jin (600 metric tons) of temple grain, limiting monks' meals to a single bowl of porridge daily to support refugees. He chronicled the crimes committed by Japanese invaders in petitions, particularly the Appeal to All Humanity (on January 25, 1938), which enumerated mass executions, sexual abuse, and the confiscation of agricultural cattle, subsequently forwarded to John Rabe and preserved in the Rabe Diaries.[5][6]

To dissuade Japanese invaders, Ji Ran used a legend concerning a Buddha head that was returned following the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake, persuading troops to spare hundreds seeking refuge in the temple.[7] He communicated with Japanese commanders via his Japanese-speaking student, Yue Ji, and once erroneously ascribed a soldier's death to an accident to avert reprisals against 20,000 refugees. Overwhelmed by these endeavors, Ji Ran died at the age of 46 in 1939. His memory is maintained in the UNESCO-listed Qixia Temple Refugee Shelter Memorial Stele and the film Qixia Temple 1937.[8]

References

  1. ^ 史詠 (1999). 南京大屠殺: 歷史照片中的見證. 海南出版社. p. 320. ISBN 978-7-80645-461-9. Retrieved 2025-04-23.
  2. ^ 崔晓, 作者：毛庆 (2017-12-14). "《人类的浩劫——侵华日军南京大屠杀史实展》亮相_中国江苏网". 江苏_中国江苏网 (in Chinese). Retrieved 2025-04-23.
  3. ^ 南京史志 (in Chinese). 南京市地方志编纂委员会办公室. 1989. p. 25. Retrieved 2025-04-23.
  4. ^ "南京大屠杀时寂然法师营救2.4万难民". 凤凰网 (in Chinese). Retrieved 2025-04-23.
  5. ^ Sheng, Zhang (2021-11-08). The Rape of Nanking: A Historical Study. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 181. ISBN 978-3-11-065278-9. Retrieved 2025-04-23.
  6. ^ "拯救2.4萬名難民！ 海安高僧志開上人值得被銘記". 人間福報 (in Chinese). Retrieved 2025-04-23.
  7. ^ Star and Cloud: The Biography of Venerable Master Hsing Yun. Buddha's Light Publishing. 2003. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-9715612-4-3. Retrieved 2025-04-23.
  8. ^ Tam, King-fai; Tsu, Timothy Y.; Wilson, Sandra (2014-10-24). Chinese and Japanese Films on the Second World War. Routledge. p. 179. ISBN 978-1-317-65046-1. Retrieved 2025-04-23.