1443

December 30: King Sejong the Great of Korea introduces the standardized Korean alphabet in the *Hunminjeongeum*.

Year 1443 (MCDXLIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.

Events

January–March

January 1 –
- Pope Eugene IV called for Christians under his jurisdiction to participate in the Crusade of Varna against the incursions of the Ottoman Empire into Central Europe.^[1]
- The coronation of Christoffer III as King of Denmark and of his wife Dorothea of Brandenburg, as Queen Consort, took place at the Vor Frue Maria Dormkirke in Ribe, nearly three years after he had first claimed the throne on April 9, 1440.
January 28 – Raffaele Adorno was elected as the new Doge of the Republic of Genoa.^[2]
February 26 – The Spanish monarch, King Alfonso V of Aragon, makes a trimphant entrance into the city of Naples in order to assume the throne of the Kingdom of Naples.^[3]
March 11 – At the age of 16 months old, Charlotte of Savoy, daughter of Louis, Duke of Savoy, is betrothed in a ceremony to Frederick III of the House of Wettin, the 4-year-old son of Frederick II, Elector of Saxony. No marriage takes place, however, and Charlotte will marry the Crown Prince of France in 1451.^[4]

April–June

April 12 – Henry Chichele, the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Canterbury for almost 29 years, dies and is succeeded by John Stafford on May 13.
April 23 – The Duke of York, Richard Plantagenet, signs a treaty with Isabella of Portugal, Duchess of Burgundy for an indefinite truce between the Kingdom of England and the Duchy of Burgundy.^[5]
May 13 – John Stafford is appointed as the new Archbishop of Canterbury by Pope Eugene IV.^[6]
June 5 – The strongest earthquake on record in Poland kills at least 30 people and damages buildings in Krakow and Wroclaw, and in Timisoara and Oradea in Romania.^[7]
June 6 – Afonso V of Aragon formally reunites the Kingdoms of Naples and Sicily.
June 14 – Pope Eugene IV and King Alfonso V of Naples reach a forma agreement at Terracina, with the Pope recognizing Alfonso as the rightful King and Prince Ferrante as heir to the throne, while Alfonso agrees to stop support of the antipope Amadeus VII and the Council of Basel.^[8]

July–September

July 22 – Battle of St. Jakob an der Sihl (Old Zürich War): The forces of the city of Zürich are defeated, but the Swiss Confederacy have insufficient strength to besiege and take the city.
August 14 – The Siege of Dieppe, an attempt by England's Earl of Shrewsbury to capture the French port at Normandy and France's access to the English Channel, fails after nine months.^[9]
September 28 – Pope Eugene IV returns to Rome for the first time in more than nine years, after having been forced to flee on June 4, 1434.^[10]

October–December

October 22 – Pedro de Portugal, Duke of Coimbra and regent for the 11-year old King Afonso V, grants letters patent to his younger brother Dom Henrique of Navegador ("Prince Henry the Navigator"), giving Henrique an exclusive monopoly over all navigation south of Cape Bojador, whether for the purpose of war or trade, as well as a commission on any African goods or slaves brought back to mainland Portugal.^[11]
November 8 – Battle of Niš: John Hunyadi and the army of the Crusade of Varna defeat three armies of the Ottoman Empire, and capture the city of Niš in modern-day Serbia; Skanderbeg deserts the Ottoman camp and goes to Albania.
November 28 – Skanderbeg and his forces, rebelling against the Ottoman Empire, liberate Krujë, in Middle Albania, and raise the Albanian flag.
December 12 – At the Battle of Zlatitsa in what is now Bulgaria, Ottoman troops under the Sultan Murad II and General Kasim Pasha defeat an attack by John Hunyadi and the forces of Hungary, Croatia, Poland and Serbia.^[12]
December 24 –
- The Christian crusaders under Hunyadi begin their retreat westward after their defeat at Zlatica, and the Ottoman forces follow them, with a confrontation ultimately taking place on January 2 at the Battle of Kunovica.^[13]
- In Poland, Wenceslaus I, Duke of Siewierz sells the duchy of Siewierz to Zbigniew Oleśnicki, Bishop of Kraków, for 6,000 silver coins (Prague groschen), equivalent to at least 21 kilograms (46 lb) or 750 ounces of silver.^[14]
December 30 – King Sejong the Great of Korea announces the creation of the Hunminjeongeum (literally "The Proper Sounds for the Instruction of the People") a manual for Hangul, a standardized writing system for the Korean language.^[15]

Date unknown

In Moldavia, the conflict between brothers and co-rulers Iliaș and Stephen II reignites, and Stephen captures Iliaș and blinds him, thus remaining sole ruler of the country.
Portuguese explorer Nuno Tristão penetrates the Arguin Gulf, off the west coast of Africa.
King Sejong the Great starts to create Hangul, the native alphabet of the Korean language, with his scholars.
Vlad II Dracul begins his second term as ruler of Wallachia, succeeding Basarab II.
The Buddhist Zhihua Temple (智化寺) is built in Beijing, at the order of Wang Zhen, chief eunuch at the court of the Zhengtong Emperor of Ming Dynasty China.
A powerful earthquake destroys the Timișoara Fortress in the Kingdom of Hungary

Births

January 27 – Albert III, Duke of Saxony (d. 1500)
February 2 – Elisabeth of Bavaria, Electress of Saxony (d. 1484)
February 12 – Giovanni II Bentivoglio, Italian noble (d. 1508)
February 23 – Matthias Corvinus, of Hungary (d. 1490)
May 17 – Edmund, Earl of Rutland, brother of Kings Edward IV of England and Richard III of England (d. 1460)
May 29 – Victor, Duke of Münsterberg, Reichsgraf, Duke of Münsterberg and Opava, Count of Glatz (d. 1500)
May 31 or 1441 – Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby, English noble, mother of King Henry VII, grandmother of King Henry VIII of England (d. 1509)^[16]
June 29 – Anthony Browne, English knight (d. 1506)
September 9 – Muhammad Jaunpuri (d. 1505)
November 10 – Adolf III of Nassau-Wiesbaden-Idstein, Germany noble (d. 1511)
December 1 – Magdalena of France, French princess and regent of Navarre (d. 1495)
December 5 – Pope Julius II (d. 1513)^[17]
probable
- Piero del Pollaiuolo, Italian painter (d. 1496)
- Ygo Gales Galama, Frisian warlord and freedom fighting rebel (d. 1492)

Deaths

January 16 – Erasmo of Narni, Italian mercenary (b. 1370)
January 28 – Robert le Maçon, Chancellor of France
February – Guidantonio da Montefeltro, count of Urbino (b. 1377)
March 24 – James Douglas, 7th Earl of Douglas (b. 1371)
April 12 – Henry Chichele, Archbishop of Canterbury^[18]
May – John II, Count of Nassau-Siegen^[19]
May 9 – Niccolò Albergati, Italian cardinal and diplomat (b. 1373)
June 5 – Ferdinand the Holy Prince of Portugal (b. 1402)
August 16 – Ashikaga Yoshikatsu, Japanese shōgun (b. 1434)
September 18 – Lewis of Luxembourg, Archbishop of Rouen
date unknown – Infante Diogo, Constable of Portugal
- Jelena Balšić, Serbian duchess (b. 1366)
probable – Zeami Motokiyo, Japanese actor and playwright (b. 1363)

References

^ Imber, Colin (2006). The Crusade of Varna, 1443-45. Ashgate. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-7546-0144-9.
^ Buonadonna, Sergio; Mercenaro, Mario (2007). De Ferrari Editori (ed.). Rosso doge. I dogi della Repubblica di Genova dal 1339 al 1797. Genoa.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Bisson, T.N. (1991). The Medieval Crown of Aragon. Oxford University Press. p. 144.
^ Joachim W. Stieber, Pope Eugenius IV, the Council of Basel and the Secular and Ecclesiastical Authorities in the Empire, (E.J. Brill, 1978), p. 254
^ Wolffe, Bertram (2001) [1981]. Henry VI. English Monarchs series (Yale ed.). London: Yale University Press. p. 189. ISBN 978-0-300-08926-4.
^ Davies, R.G. (2004). "Stafford, John (d. 1452)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online) (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/26209. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ "W 1443 roku w Polsce doszło do najsilniejszego w historii kraju trzęsienia ziemi". www.rp.pl.
^ Joachim W. Stieber, Pope Eugenius IV, the Council of Basel and the Secular and Ecclesiastical Authorities in the Empire (Brill, 1978) pp. 197–198 ISBN 9004052402.
^ Barker, Juliet R. V. (2010). Conquest : the English kingdom of France in the Hundred Years War. London: Abacus. p. 313. ISBN 978-0-349-12202-1.
^ Ferdinand Gregorovius,History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages. Volume 7, Part 1.(London: G. Bell & Sons, 1909) pp.88–89
^ João de Barros, Décadas da Ásia: Dos feitos, que os Portuguezes fizeram no descubrimento, e conquista, dos mares, e terras do Oriente. Vol. 1 (Dec I, Lib.1-5) p.60
^ Pálosfalvi, Tamás (2018). From Nicopolis to Mohács, A History of Ottoman-Hungarian Warfare 1389-1526. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 116. ISBN 9789004375659.
^ Mirčetić, Dragoljub (1994). Vojna istorija Niša: deo 2. U sredjem veku (700-1459) (Military History of Niš, Part 2. In the Middle Ages (700-1459). Prosveta. p. 95. ISBN 9788774551522.
^ Kazimierz Jasiński, Rodowód Piastów śląskich (Lineage of the Silesian Piast Dynasty), volume 3 (1977) pp.166-167.
^ "Hunminjeongeum Manuscript". Cultural Heritage Administration. Cultural Heritage Administration. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
^ Elizabeth Norton (15 September 2010). Margaret Beaufort: Mother of the Tudor Dynasty. Amberley Publishing Limited. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-4456-0734-4.
^ Lives of the Popes: Illustrated Biographies of Every Pope from St Peter to the Present. Barnes & Noble Books. 1998. p. 197. ISBN 978-0-7607-0802-6.
^ Clayton J. Drees (2001). The Late Medieval Age of Crisis and Renewal, 1300-1500: A Biographical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-313-30588-7.
^ Becker, E. (1983) [1950]. Schloss und Stadt Dillenburg. Ein Gang durch ihre Geschichte in Mittelalter und Neuzeit. Zur Gedenkfeier aus Anlaß der Verleihung der Stadtrechte am 20. September 1344 herausgegeben (in German) (Neuauflage ed.). Dillenburg: Der Magistrat der Stadt Dillenburg. p. 12.

[1] Imber, Colin (2006). The Crusade of Varna, 1443-45. Ashgate. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-7546-0144-9.

[2] Buonadonna, Sergio; Mercenaro, Mario (2007). De Ferrari Editori (ed.). Rosso doge. I dogi della Repubblica di Genova dal 1339 al 1797. Genoa.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[3] Bisson, T.N. (1991). The Medieval Crown of Aragon. Oxford University Press. p. 144.

[4] Joachim W. Stieber, Pope Eugenius IV, the Council of Basel and the Secular and Ecclesiastical Authorities in the Empire, (E.J. Brill, 1978), p. 254

[5] Wolffe, Bertram (2001) [1981]. Henry VI. English Monarchs series (Yale ed.). London: Yale University Press. p. 189. ISBN 978-0-300-08926-4.

[6] Davies, R.G. (2004). "Stafford, John (d. 1452)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online) (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/26209. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

[7] "W 1443 roku w Polsce doszło do najsilniejszego w historii kraju trzęsienia ziemi". www.rp.pl.

[8] Joachim W. Stieber, Pope Eugenius IV, the Council of Basel and the Secular and Ecclesiastical Authorities in the Empire (Brill, 1978) pp. 197–198 ISBN 9004052402.

[9] Barker, Juliet R. V. (2010). Conquest : the English kingdom of France in the Hundred Years War. London: Abacus. p. 313. ISBN 978-0-349-12202-1.

[10] Ferdinand Gregorovius,History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages. Volume 7, Part 1.(London: G. Bell & Sons, 1909) pp.88–89

[11] João de Barros, Décadas da Ásia: Dos feitos, que os Portuguezes fizeram no descubrimento, e conquista, dos mares, e terras do Oriente. Vol. 1 (Dec I, Lib.1-5) p.60

[12] Pálosfalvi, Tamás (2018). From Nicopolis to Mohács, A History of Ottoman-Hungarian Warfare 1389-1526. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 116. ISBN 9789004375659.

[13] Mirčetić, Dragoljub (1994). Vojna istorija Niša: deo 2. U sredjem veku (700-1459) (Military History of Niš, Part 2. In the Middle Ages (700-1459). Prosveta. p. 95. ISBN 9788774551522.

[14] Kazimierz Jasiński, Rodowód Piastów śląskich (Lineage of the Silesian Piast Dynasty), volume 3 (1977) pp.166-167.

[15] "Hunminjeongeum Manuscript". Cultural Heritage Administration. Cultural Heritage Administration. Retrieved 28 February 2019.

[16] Elizabeth Norton (15 September 2010). Margaret Beaufort: Mother of the Tudor Dynasty. Amberley Publishing Limited. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-4456-0734-4.

[17] Lives of the Popes: Illustrated Biographies of Every Pope from St Peter to the Present. Barnes & Noble Books. 1998. p. 197. ISBN 978-0-7607-0802-6.

[18] Clayton J. Drees (2001). The Late Medieval Age of Crisis and Renewal, 1300-1500: A Biographical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 103. ISBN 978-0-313-30588-7.

[19] Becker, E. (1983) [1950]. Schloss und Stadt Dillenburg. Ein Gang durch ihre Geschichte in Mittelalter und Neuzeit. Zur Gedenkfeier aus Anlaß der Verleihung der Stadtrechte am 20. September 1344 herausgegeben (in German) (Neuauflage ed.). Dillenburg: Der Magistrat der Stadt Dillenburg. p. 12.

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